Chapter 10/ 11 Flashcards
Matching
Idea that the amount of behavior directed toward an alternative is proportional to the amount of reinforcement we expect/receive from it
Proportion of matching
Proportion responses emitted = proportion reinforcers obtain
Operant conditioning allows individuals to
Choose among alternatives
Exceptions to matching law
1) undermatching 2) overmatching 3) deviations from matching: bias
Undermatching
Proportion of responses on richer schedule versus the poor schedule is less different then would be predicted by matching
Under matching example (VI 30 vs VI 60)
VI 30 sec schedule should produce twice as many proportion of responses than a VI 60 sec schedule but if there is less of a difference that it is under matching
Changeover delay
The process of switching from one choice to another that creates a delay of the reinforcement
Overmatching
Proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus support schedule is more different that would be predicted by matching
Overmatching example (VI 30 vs VI 60)
VI 30 sec schedule produces .80 and the VI 60 sec schedule produces .20 but VI 30 was predicted to be lower making a bigger difference so overmatching occured
Bias from matching
When one response alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses then would be predicted by matching
Bias from matching crush example
If I like Lizeth then I’ll spend more time talking to Her even if she doesn’t reinforce my responses
Skinner believed self control to be a choice between
Conflicting outcomes
Skinners two types of responses
Controlling and controlled response
Controlling response
The response that is in charge of altering the controlled response
Controlled response
The responses controlled by the controlling response
Going out to drink example
I don’t wish to spend a lot of money when I got to drink so I use a controlling response of leaving my money at home in order to create a controlled response which is not to spend
Skinners four types of controlling responses
1 physical restraint 2 depriving and satiating 3 doing something else 4 self reinforcement and punishment
Physical restraint
Physically manipulating the environment to prevent the problem behavior
Physical restraint example (TV)
Giving away your TV set for the rest of the semester so that you can study
Depriving and satiating
Altering the extent which a certain event can act as a reinforcer
Depriving and satiating examples
1 deprive – skipping lunch so that you can have a bigger dinner 2 satiating - going grocery shopping after eating
Doing something else
Distracting yourself by performing an alternate behavior to prevent a certain behavior
Self reinforcement and punishment
Rewarding yourself or punishing yourself after a certain problem behavior or good behavior
Immediate versus delayed outcomes
Immediate reinforcement of a smaller sooner and reward versus a delayed reinforcement of a larger later reward
Smaller sooner award
The reward due to impulsiveness and wanting immediate results even if they are smaller
Larger later reward
The reward due to self control that has the largest value and is delayed
As delay decreases or as a reward draws nearer the reward value…
Increases slowly at first but then more and more sharply as a reward becomes imminent
And early point in time before the SSR becomes imminent, its value…
Is less than the value of the LLR but as time passes and it becomes imminent its value increases and outweighs the LLR
On a delay function, The LLR is flatter than….
The SSR and the LLR will remain higher in value
Commitment response
Action carried out an early point in time that serves either to limit or greatly reduce the value of coming temptation
Effect of a commitment strategy in on a model function…
It reduces the value of the SSR
Small but cumulative effects model
Each individual choice on self-control is only a small accumulative affect on your likelihood of obtaining the long-term outcome
Small but cummaltive effects model burger example
Choice between a burger or salad that one burger will not help you become healthier but that one salad will not by itself make you healthy
Observational learning
Also known as social learning is when an observation witnesses of behavior of the model which consequently changes the observers behavior
Observational learning occurs
And both classical and operant conditioning and can be conscious or unconscious
Contagious behavior
Instinctive/reflexive behavior triggered by an occurrence of same behavior in another individual
Contagious behavior example
Someone is running from a bear instinctively you’ll run from the bear is well and not ask questions
Stimulus enhancement
Directing attention to a place or object thereby increasing the chances of approaching that behavior
Stimulus enhancement example
A girl giggles and runs to candy you now become aware that there is candy and is more likely that you will go and help yourself to candy
Vicarious emotional responses
Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses by others
Vicarious emotional response examples
A child walking into daycare and seesother children laughing and smiling therefore elicit similar responses
Vicarious emotional conditioning
Using vicarious emotional responses to condition classically
Jellyfish vicarious emotional conditioning example
1) Jellyfish NS look of fear in others US fear in oneself UR
2) Jellyfish CS fear in oneself CR
Observational learning in operant conditioning
Influences development of operant responses
Acquisition
Acquiring knowledge tournament in operant response
Performance
Actually emit the operant response using that knowledge
Influence of development of operant responses driving example
You can wear the basic knowledge from watching your parents drive for so many years but you can actually perform the actual driving
Factors affecting acquisition
1 consequence of model’s behavior 2 observer receive reinforcement for attending to the model’s behavior 3 observer has sufficient stills to benefit from the model’s behavior 4 influence of the personal characteristics of the model over the observers likelihood to observe
Consequence of models behavior
If model behavior is reinforced observer is more likely to perform that behavior
Observer receives reinforcement for the behavior of attending to the model
Model reinforces the observer such as in teaching saying look what I’m doing here or good job
Observer has sufficient skills to benefit from modeling
Starting low in skill and then slowly increasing rather than expecting a lot first which causes discouragement
Personal characteristics of model and strongly influence the extent to which we will attend their behavior
More likely to give attention to models who either resemble us or we respect or admire
Factors affecting performance
1 model was reinforced or punished for behavior 2 observer was reinforced or punished when he emitted the operant behavior 3 observers personal history of differential reinforcement for operant conditioning various circumstances
Model was reinforced or punished for his behavior
Known as vicarious reinforcement or punishment is the likelihood to repeat the observed behavior of the model due to reinforcement or punishment
Observer was reinforcer punishment he emitted the operant behavior
Mimicking the models behavior and receiving reinforce will affect your likelihood to do it again
Personal history of reinforcement or punishment for performing model behaviors
Reinforcing up in different circumstances for instants drinking and swearing when your friends are probably reinforce while punished while with your parents
True Imitation
Formal observational learning that involves the closest duplication the novel behavior
Generalized imitation
Tendency to imitate a new model behavior with no specific reinforcement for doing so
Rule
Verbal description contingency or a statement telling us that in a certain setting if we perform a certain behavior, a certain consequence will follow
Rule governed behavior
Behavior generated through exposure to rules
Disadvantages to rule govern behavior
- Let efficient in natural contingencies 2. Insensitive to actual contingencies of reinforcement sometimes giving modifications that are required and people still follow the rules
Personal rules and self-regulation
Self instruction and say do correspondence
Self instruction
Descriptions of a contingency we verbalize to ourselves to influence our behavior a.k.a. personal rules
Say/do correspondence
What we say matches what we do more likely with the use of personal process rolls
