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AP European History > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protestant ideas were appealing because

A
  • Christian humanists wanted to have less elaborate ceremonies, which was what Luther strived to create
  • encouraged literacy, so priests and monks wanted to join
  • townspeople who envied church’s wealth and hated that the clergy had to pay taxes joined
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2
Q

radicals

A
  • wanted religious believers to be separate from state
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3
Q

whichs states were radicals?

A

switzerland, germany, netherlands

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4
Q

who hated radicals, why?

A

prot and catholic, both believed church was essential part of leadership

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5
Q

upper-class women were influenced by the closing of convents and monastaries because

A
  • that was the only position they really had available that wasn’t being a nun
  • so marriage became the only occupation for them
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6
Q

Argula von Grumbach

A
  • German noblewoman who supported Protestant ideas in print, but said that if no one spoke up, she would
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7
Q

16th century women could not be in the

A

clergy

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8
Q

Habsburg dynasty

A

illustrates effects of marriage, Frederick III and Eleonore of Portugal. Burgundy and Habsburg come together in power. 1452.

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9
Q

Why were German rulers swayed by Protestantism?

A

because of material considerations. Rejection of Roman Catholicism = legal confiscation of lands, monastaries, shrines. Many authorities became protestant to extend financial and political power to get independence from emperor.

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10
Q

The Holy Roman Empire in the 15th century was

A

just a bunch of loose cantons

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11
Q

The first battleground:
Switzerland, part of 13 loose cantons
Cause:
- some cantons remained Catholic, others became Protestant. Zwingli died in this war
- Zwingli died
Solution:
- treaty to allow each canton to determine its own religion, policy of neutrality

Imperial Diet 1530
- Charles V wanted to defend Catholicism
Augsburg Confession
- statement of faith
Charles reaction
- refused to accept it, ordered Protestants to go back to Catholic church and give up property
peoples’ reactions: german cities allied iliarily to fight back, Charles V was too weak to do so
Charles V wanted
- unity, defended church and empire, strength against territorial rulers

Solution
Peace of Augsburg 1555
- Charles and German princes agree to recognize Lutheranism
- political territory to decide to be Catholic or Lutheran
- northern/central Germany = Lutheran, south= roman Catholic
- princes established state churches to pick

A
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12
Q

Denmark and the Reformation

A
  • smoothly, King Christian III, Wittenberg University spread ideas quickly
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13
Q

Northern Norway and Iceland and the Reformation

A
  • no
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14
Q

Henry VIII influence on monastic life

A
  • ended English monastic life, properties went to upper classes, dissolution of monastaries, nationalized the church
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15
Q

Thomas Cromwell influence

A
  • chief minister, English Bible in every church
  • created economic balance, centralized king’s household, surplus funds went into a liquid fund
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16
Q

Ireland and the Reformation

A
  • stayed loyal to the Catholic church at first, then approved English laws severing church from Rome
  • most remained Roman Catholic
  • Catholic clergy were national and religious leaders
17
Q
  • Mary Tudor brought back Catholicism in England briefly
  • got rid of Henry VIII’s Reformation legislation
  • she executed protestants,w hich alienated her subjects, protestants fled
  • mary dies
  • elizabeth, her half sister comes to rule. elizabeth chose the middle ground for catholics and puritans
  • ordered the church and gov would swear she would be able to make religious decisions
  • mary queen of scots comes into rule
  • scots was catholic, next in line to the English throne
    -> elizabeth imprisons mary
  • mary tried to assassinate elizabeth
  • elizabeth and philip ii were catholic couple
  • elizabeth and england executes mary
  • so hilip ii sends Spanish Armada from Lisbon to Flanders 1588, defeated by England
    effect: Spain had to rebuild navy, war dragged on for years, prevented Catholicism in England
A
18
Q

Anglican church

A

Church of England

19
Q

John Calvin

A
  • believed God chose him for a reason
20
Q

Unique Calvinism traits

A
  • believed in absolute sovereignty of God vs the weakness of humanity, humans are insiginificant
  • predestination
21
Q

Consistory

A
  • group of laymen, pastors, charged w investigating, disciplining religious conduct
22
Q

Church under Calvinist beliefs

A
  • any occupation would be a God-given calling, simpler but longer services, less art, more altars
23
Q

John Knox

A
  • wanted to strcuture Scottish church based off of Calvin’s Geneva, so the Presbyterian Church followed Calvinist doctrine. EMphasis on preaching
24
Q

Czech majority and the Reformation

A
  • ruled by Germans
  • adopted Jan Hus’ ideas
25
Q

Poland and the Reformation

A
  • were opposed to Luther’s ideas, John Calvin appealed to the Polish– especially because it orginated in France, not Germany
26
Q

Hungarians

A
  • Protestant, education
27
Q

where was the center for reform movements?

A
  • papal court
28
Q

Pope Paul III

A
  • supported education for clergy, end of simony, stricter clerical control.
  • Established the Holy Office
  • Council of Trent
29
Q

Roman Inquisition

A
  • committe of six cardinals, judicial authority, power to arrest imprison, and execute heretics
30
Q

Holy office

A
  • prohibited Christian humanist works
  • jurisdiction over Roman Inquisition
31
Q

Council of Trent

A
  • validity to Scirptures and traditions, reaffirmed seven sacraments, disciplinary matters
  • marriage had to be public before a priest and witness to be valid, ended private marriages
32
Q

Jesuits

A
  • Ignatius Loyola, strengthened Catholicism, encouraged religious discipline
  • did NOT want to reform church, wanted to help souls
33
Q

French Religious Wars (who, what, why, resolution) + bonus

A
  • who: Huguenots vs Catholics
  • what: st. bartholomew’s day massacre, catholics attack huguenots in paris on the day of Henry Navarre’s marriage
  • why: religious beliefs
  • result: Henry Navarre became Henry IV, then issued the Edict of Nantes in favor of religious tolerance for Huguenots
  • Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes
34
Q
  • Netherlands became Calvinists
  • calvinism encouraged opposition
    • spain tried to suppress calvinist worship and raise taxes, rioting folowed soonafter, churches in antwerp were destroyed
  • who: 17 provinces vs spain
A
35
Q

union of utrecht (issued because of religous division)

A
  • 7 northern (protestant) provinces declaired independence from Spain. South remained Catholic. Philip didn’t like this, war continued. 1609 it was resolved.
36
Q

accusatorial to inquisitorial procedures in the witch trials

A

accusatorial: accusers could be placed on trial if the charges they placed on the suspect were not proven
inquisitorial: legal authorities were brought in, did not always lead to witch hunts. believed in the power of the devil, but were different in that they were willing to question.

37
Q

when witch trials

A

15th-18th (most in 16th-17th)

AP European History (6 decks)

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