Chapter 13 Flashcards
Protestant ideas were appealing because
- Christian humanists wanted to have less elaborate ceremonies, which was what Luther strived to create
- encouraged literacy, so priests and monks wanted to join
- townspeople who envied church’s wealth and hated that the clergy had to pay taxes joined
radicals
- wanted religious believers to be separate from state
whichs states were radicals?
switzerland, germany, netherlands
who hated radicals, why?
prot and catholic, both believed church was essential part of leadership
upper-class women were influenced by the closing of convents and monastaries because
- that was the only position they really had available that wasn’t being a nun
- so marriage became the only occupation for them
Argula von Grumbach
- German noblewoman who supported Protestant ideas in print, but said that if no one spoke up, she would
16th century women could not be in the
clergy
Habsburg dynasty
illustrates effects of marriage, Frederick III and Eleonore of Portugal. Burgundy and Habsburg come together in power. 1452.
Why were German rulers swayed by Protestantism?
because of material considerations. Rejection of Roman Catholicism = legal confiscation of lands, monastaries, shrines. Many authorities became protestant to extend financial and political power to get independence from emperor.
The Holy Roman Empire in the 15th century was
just a bunch of loose cantons
The first battleground:
Switzerland, part of 13 loose cantons
Cause:
- some cantons remained Catholic, others became Protestant. Zwingli died in this war
- Zwingli died
Solution:
- treaty to allow each canton to determine its own religion, policy of neutrality
Imperial Diet 1530
- Charles V wanted to defend Catholicism
Augsburg Confession
- statement of faith
Charles reaction
- refused to accept it, ordered Protestants to go back to Catholic church and give up property
peoples’ reactions: german cities allied iliarily to fight back, Charles V was too weak to do so
Charles V wanted
- unity, defended church and empire, strength against territorial rulers
Solution
Peace of Augsburg 1555
- Charles and German princes agree to recognize Lutheranism
- political territory to decide to be Catholic or Lutheran
- northern/central Germany = Lutheran, south= roman Catholic
- princes established state churches to pick
Denmark and the Reformation
- smoothly, King Christian III, Wittenberg University spread ideas quickly
Northern Norway and Iceland and the Reformation
- no
Henry VIII influence on monastic life
- ended English monastic life, properties went to upper classes, dissolution of monastaries, nationalized the church
Thomas Cromwell influence
- chief minister, English Bible in every church
- created economic balance, centralized king’s household, surplus funds went into a liquid fund
Ireland and the Reformation
- stayed loyal to the Catholic church at first, then approved English laws severing church from Rome
- most remained Roman Catholic
- Catholic clergy were national and religious leaders
- Mary Tudor brought back Catholicism in England briefly
- got rid of Henry VIII’s Reformation legislation
- she executed protestants,w hich alienated her subjects, protestants fled
- mary dies
- elizabeth, her half sister comes to rule. elizabeth chose the middle ground for catholics and puritans
- ordered the church and gov would swear she would be able to make religious decisions
- mary queen of scots comes into rule
- scots was catholic, next in line to the English throne
-> elizabeth imprisons mary - mary tried to assassinate elizabeth
- elizabeth and philip ii were catholic couple
- elizabeth and england executes mary
- so hilip ii sends Spanish Armada from Lisbon to Flanders 1588, defeated by England
effect: Spain had to rebuild navy, war dragged on for years, prevented Catholicism in England
Anglican church
Church of England
John Calvin
- believed God chose him for a reason
Unique Calvinism traits
- believed in absolute sovereignty of God vs the weakness of humanity, humans are insiginificant
- predestination
Consistory
- group of laymen, pastors, charged w investigating, disciplining religious conduct
Church under Calvinist beliefs
- any occupation would be a God-given calling, simpler but longer services, less art, more altars
John Knox
- wanted to strcuture Scottish church based off of Calvin’s Geneva, so the Presbyterian Church followed Calvinist doctrine. EMphasis on preaching
Czech majority and the Reformation
- ruled by Germans
- adopted Jan Hus’ ideas
Poland and the Reformation
- were opposed to Luther’s ideas, John Calvin appealed to the Polish– especially because it orginated in France, not Germany
Hungarians
- Protestant, education
where was the center for reform movements?
- papal court
Pope Paul III
- supported education for clergy, end of simony, stricter clerical control.
- Established the Holy Office
- Council of Trent
Roman Inquisition
- committe of six cardinals, judicial authority, power to arrest imprison, and execute heretics
Holy office
- prohibited Christian humanist works
- jurisdiction over Roman Inquisition
Council of Trent
- validity to Scirptures and traditions, reaffirmed seven sacraments, disciplinary matters
- marriage had to be public before a priest and witness to be valid, ended private marriages
Jesuits
- Ignatius Loyola, strengthened Catholicism, encouraged religious discipline
- did NOT want to reform church, wanted to help souls
French Religious Wars (who, what, why, resolution) + bonus
- who: Huguenots vs Catholics
- what: st. bartholomew’s day massacre, catholics attack huguenots in paris on the day of Henry Navarre’s marriage
- why: religious beliefs
- result: Henry Navarre became Henry IV, then issued the Edict of Nantes in favor of religious tolerance for Huguenots
- Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes
- Netherlands became Calvinists
- calvinism encouraged opposition
- spain tried to suppress calvinist worship and raise taxes, rioting folowed soonafter, churches in antwerp were destroyed
- who: 17 provinces vs spain
union of utrecht (issued because of religous division)
- 7 northern (protestant) provinces declaired independence from Spain. South remained Catholic. Philip didn’t like this, war continued. 1609 it was resolved.
accusatorial to inquisitorial procedures in the witch trials
accusatorial: accusers could be placed on trial if the charges they placed on the suspect were not proven
inquisitorial: legal authorities were brought in, did not always lead to witch hunts. believed in the power of the devil, but were different in that they were willing to question.
when witch trials
15th-18th (most in 16th-17th)
