Chapter 11: 1300-1450 The Later Middle Ages Flashcards
___ carried vermins and pathogens that spread the Black Death
advanced ships
Where did the Black Death originate? How?
Western China, the Mongol Empire
October 1347
Genoese ships brought plague from the Black Sea to Messina, Sicily, Italy, and Germany
Significance of pottery during the Black Death
researchers found that there was 45% less pottery because of population decrease (all social classes worked w pottery)
Western Europe and Mediterranean lost __ (fraction) of their people
1/3
What year was the second wave of the Black Plague?
1359
What year was the last appearance of the Black Death?
1721
What was the 14th century take on the reason for the origins of the Black Death?
poisoned air from swamps, unburied animals, position of the stars
What was the 14th century medical explanation for the Black Death?
Bodily fluids were unblanaced from poison (blood in one’s cough was seen as a sign that the body was trying to expel excess fluids)
What were the 14th century remedies to expel the Black Death?
church bells, herbs, cryptograms
Economic effects of the Black Plague
- inflation
- labor shortages, lack of production
- peasants demanded higher wages
Religious effects of the Black Plague
- flagellants viewed the plague as a punishment from God, believed that they had to hurt themselves to compensate
Social effects on the Black Plague (anti-semitism)
- Jews were accused for poisoning the water fountains
- Jews were killed because flagellants believed killing them would prevent the plague from spreading
- Jews were burned alive in Strasbourg, Germany
Name one work of art inspired by the Black Death
the Dance of Death by John of Kastav
Giovanni Bocaccio
Italian writer who wrote The Decameron and described effects of the plague in Florence
Henry Knighton
Writer who described effects of the plague on English town, said workers refused to work because they weren’t paid the desired amount of money
What years were the Hundred Years’ War?
1337-1453, 116 Years
Who was the Hundred Years’ War fought between?
England and France
What was the territorial cause of the 100 Years’ War?
The Treaty of Paris between King Henry III (England) and Louis IX (France) had promised the duchy of Aquitaine would belong to England as long as England became France’s vassal. France broke the treaty and started a war.
What was the cause of the 100 Years’ War in regards to disagreements over the throne?
Disagreements over the French throne. Charles IV (France) died without a male heir, so his sister Isabella saw this as a chance to get her son, Edward III, to go on the French throne. However, upon hearing that a woman was demanding her son to be on the French throne, the French nobles gave the throne to Philip VI of France instead.
Isabella wanted her son Edward III on the throne. Edward did not get on the throne, Philip VI of France did. Edward III got mad. Then Philip also tried to take back the duchy that was given to England in the Treaty of Paris.
Why did French nobles abandon Philip VI (France)?
- Some French nobles didn’t want French centralization, which the kings wanted.
What did Edward III argue to convince others that he deserved to be king of France?
That he was the eldest directly surviving male descendant of Philip the Fair
How did the English succeed during the start of the Hundred Years’ War?
- Longbows and cannons, good weaponry
- 1337, French only fought w England at sea. They failed the moment they stepped onto land.
How did France win the HYW?
Through Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc
- heard voices of saints telling her to crown Charles VII to guarantee France victory
- 1430 Burgundians kidnapped her, now King Charles VII did not pay the ransom
- she was accused of heresy
- Became a political symbol of France and the Catholic Church
Why did Charles VII say Joan wasn’t guilty at her trial in 1456?
- He felt bad
OR - Because he didn’t want to be associated w a condemned heretic
France after the 100 Years’ War
- no farmland, trade disruption, heavy taxes
- no representative assemblies, taxes stayed he same
England after the 100 Years’ War
- 5 million Euros worth of money for war effort, tried taxing wool to pay it
- representative assemblies, foundations of English Parliament
What years did representative assemblies flourish?
1250-1450
Why did the English Parliament meet so often?
Edward III wanted to pay off war expenses
When did Edward III acknowledge that the King of England couldn’t tax without consent from the English Parliament?
1341
Clement V significance
Philip the Fair of France and Pope Boniface VIII had conflicts with each other. Boniface dies. Clement V is the replacement that steps in for the pope, but he’s sent to Avignon so that Philip can have more power.
Babylonian Captivity
1309-1376; popes lived in Avignon because the King wanted to control the church’s policies
Raimon de Cornet
A poet and priest from France who criticized the clergy/bishop for becoming apathetic during their time in Avignon
Urban VI significance
He became the pope because Romans wanted an Italian pope to step in. He had good intentions, but wrong execution.
Cardinals invalidated his position because he was voted under threats of a Roman mob.
Who was elected to satisfy the critics of Urban VI’s position as pope?
Clement VII (French) at Avignon.
What year was the Great Schism?
1378-1417, happened when Urban VI and Clement VII both got elected.
French sided with
Clement VII because he was French
England sided with
Urban
William Occam
Franciscan friar and philosopher who argued against the papacy, believed the government should have limited power
Marsiglio of Padua
Wrote Defensor Pacis, argued that the state was to unify power and the church was a subordinate, said church leadership should be made up of a general council that was superior to the pope
he got executed
conciliarists
believed reform of church could be achieved through periodic assemblies/councils
John Wycliff
- scripture is better than papal claims
- church should not have property
- first to translate Bible to English
- “Lollards” <– Wycliff’s followers
- allowed wome to teach
