Chapter 13 Flashcards
A speech where Jimmy Carter complained that people were letting themselves be overtaken by a “crisis of confidence”
The Malaise Speech
Former actor and governor of California that presented himself as Carter’s opposite and an outsider. Stressed the positive aspects of America and people liked his “can-do” attitude. Won the 1980 presidential election by a landslide
ps conservatists loved him to death
Ronald Reagan
Liberal Republican that also ran in the 1980 presidential campaign against Carter. Attracted a sizable “protest vote” from those who might otherwise have supported Carter
John Anderson
Reagan’s theory that described that economic growth can be most effectively fostered by lowering taxes and decrease spending
Theory of Supply-Side Economics
A term used to describe the belief that if high-income earners gain an increase in salary, then everyone in the economy will benefit as their increased income and wealth filter through to all sections in society.
Trickle Down Economics / Voodoo Economics (George H.W. Bush)
Americans who paid low income tax depended on these
Federal Enfranchisement Programs (ex: welfare, food stamps, Medicaid)
Ronald Reagan’s policies and plans to shift power from the national government to the states- opposite of Federalism
New Federalism
A space-based missile shield system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Star Wars
Final Soviet Leader during 1985-1991 that was credited for the Cold War’s end. Best known for his economic policy of perestroika
Mikhail Gorbachev
Occurs when government spending outpaces revenue or the income drawn from taxes, fees, and investments
Federal Budget Deficit
Reagan supported repressive regimes and right-wing insurgents in these states because they opposed communism
El Salvador
Panama
The Philippines
Mozambique
U.S. military invaded this island to topple a new Communist government
Grenada
A group of Nicaraguan insurgents (rebels) that were reported they were torturing and murdering civilians. Opposers of Sandinistas
Contras
U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran and then used the income to buy guns for the Contras
Iran-Contra Affair
A member of the Security Council that took full credit of the Iran-Contra Affair
Oliver North
Reagan administration sent marines to ______ as part of a United Nations peacekeeping force where a suicide bomb killed 240 servicemen and led to an eventual pullout of troops
Lebanon
Reagan’s greatest successes in foreign policy:
U.S. - Soviet Relations
Ronald Reagan’s jokes that led to an escalated arms race
“The evil empire”
“We began bombing in five minutes”
Mikhail Gorbachev’s economic policy
Perestroika (restructuring)
Mikhail Gorbachev’s social reforms
Glasnost (openness)
Convinced many Americans that progressive liberalism was finally destroyed
Election of 1988
Democratic candidate of the election of 1988 who was a governor of Massachusetts.
Michael Dukakis
Republican candidate of the 1988 election (won) that called for a “kinder, gentler nation” and is most remembered for declaring “Read my lips: No new taxes”.
George Bush
Urged kids to “Just say NO!”
Nancy Reagan
Sought to mobilize conservative Americans to become politically active on issues they thought were important.
Moral Majority
A war fought between Iraq and a United States-led coalition of United Nations’ forces. The war was a result of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and officially ended after Iraq agreed to a ceasefire in April 19
Persian Gulf War
Consisted mostly of massive air strikes against strategic Iraqi targets. Ended quickly with few American casualties
Operation Desert Storm
Leader of Iraq that invaded Kuwait and seized oil fields and threatened the world’s access to Middle East oil
Saddam Hussein
A chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to numerous individuals or cause great damage to artificial structures, natural structures, or the biosphere.
Weapons of mass destruction
A militant Islamic political organization
Taliban
Leader of Al-Qaida that was finally captured and killed
Osama Bin Laden
Unofficially over, began after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Bush administration vowed to rout terrorist group Al-Qaida from its strongholds in Afghanistan while also curbing the power of Taliban
Afghanistan War (2001-present)
Presidents during the Afghanistan War:
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Large foreign policy of the United States that included the Iraq war and Afghanistan war
War on Terror
Conflict in Iraq that started when allegations were made that Saddam Hussein helped orchestrate 9/11 and his ongoing human rights violations against his own people and rumors or weapons of mass destruction (which turned out to be false) although over, this war continues to be controversial in politics
Iraq War (2003-2011)
In 1890, how many percent of immigrants were from Europe?
86%
From the 1970s - present, what are the fastest-growing ethnic minorities in the United States?
Hispanics and Asians
Where did Hispanics commonly move to in the United States?
California
Texas
Florida
Southwest
Where did Asians commonly move to in the United States?
California
Contributed significantly to the increase in immigration of Hispanic and Asians and eliminated national quotas and set annual limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere and rest of the world. Gave priority to reuniting families, certain skilled workers, and political refugees.
Immigration Act of 1965
People who have fled from a homeland because of political persecution.
Political Refugees
Former president of Cuba that rebelled against a dictatorship government
Fidel Castro
Migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country.
Illegal immigration
Passed in 1986, outlawed the deliberate employment of illegal immigrants and granted legal status to some undocumented immigrants who entered the United States before 1982.
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)
The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was also known as this
Simpson-Mazzoli Act[
An attempt to curb illegal immigration by offering temporary employment to workers by allowing them to work for a period of time before they would have to return to their home countries.
Guest Worker Programs
Guest worker program between the US and Mexico that lasted from 1942 to 1964 that hosted migrant farm workers. Was ended due to laborers who were frustrated at the decrease in wages and spike in agricultural employment
Bracero Program
First Democrat to be elected president since Jimmy Carter and first president to take office after the end of the Cold War. Major foreign policies of protection of human rights around the world
William Jefferson Clinton (Bill Clinton)
Vice president under Bill Clinton
Al Gore
Promotes an interconnectivity of nations by way of economic agreements (typically promoting free trade reduce tariffs), immigration, and military intervention
Globalism
Agreement that eliminated trade barriers among the united States, Mexico, and Canada.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1947 global treaty that was similar NAFTA and sought to reduce trade barriers such as tariffs and preferential treatment
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Where Republican’s power in Congress was limited by Clinton’s moderating Democrat executive power
1994 Congressional Election
Speaker of the House whose contract with America outlined a specific series of laws the Republican Party wished to pass
Newt Gingrich
An infamous event of Clinton’s presidency that led to his impeachment during his 2nd term. Sex scandal involving Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern.
Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal
Headed investigations against members of the Clinton administration
Kenneth Starr
Series of real-estate dealings that began with an investigation into the real estate investments of Bill and Hillary Clinton in the Whitewater Development Corporation.
Whitewater Scandal
Formal accusation of wrongdoing
Impeachment
Who has the “sole power of impeachment”?
House of Representatives
One of Bill Clinton’s major foreign policy goals
Protection of humans rights around the world
President of Serbia who conducted a brutal policy of “ethnic cleansing” against Balkan Muslims. Eventually tried and convicted for committing “crimes of humanity”
Slobodan Milosevic
Slobodan Milosevic was convicted for committing
Crimes of Humanity
Clinton’s policy of allowing homosexuals to join the military if they kept their identity secret
“Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy
Two notable Supreme Court justices appointed by Bill Clinton
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer
Two significant initiatives under Clinton that failed
Clinton’s proposal for national health care program and campaign finance reform
Lost the 1876 election against Rutherford B. Hayes
Samuel J. Tilden
“New conservatism”, a movement in sharp opposition to paleoconservatives and promoted the idea of spreading democracy worldwide and putting American corporate interests first through the use of military actions abroad.
Neo conservationism
Neoconservative thoughts
Global trade and open immigration
Neoconservatives
Dick Cheney
Donald Rumsfeld
Paul Wolfowitz
Traditional conservative that lamented the cost of military adventures overseas, the loss of domestic jobs incurred by global free-trade agreements, and the ravages of unrestricted immigration
Patrick J. Buchanan
1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi
Freedom Summer (1964)
The first African American governor who served as governor of Louisiana for 15 days, from 12/29/1872 - 1/13/1873
P.B.S. Pinchback
Landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting (added following Freedom Summer in 1964)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibited poll tax in elections that previously prevented African Americans to vote (added following Freedom Summer in 1964)
24th Amendment
First African American woman elected to Congress. Also become the first African American woman to run for president in 1972
Shirley Chisholm
African American who ran for the Democratic presidential nomination 1984 and 1988
Reverend Jesse Jackson
Secretaries under George W. Bush who occupied the most powerful political office that African Americans had held since Thurgood Marshall
Colin Powell
Condoleezza Rice
First African American president of the United States
Barack Obama
A trend of mostly white, middle-class Americans leaving the cities for the suburbs
White Flight
One of the worst urban riots occurred as African Americans expressed outrage at the videotape of police beating this man
Rodney King
Forcing people to bus with other people
Forced Busing
Supreme court decision that held that an interdistrict remedy for unconstitutional segregation found in one district exceeded the scope of the violation
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
Fundamental sects with people who take the bible seriously
Evangelicalism
Conservative evangelicals and fundamentalists
Billy Graham
Jerry Falwell
Pat Robertson
A movement formed by conservative groups that was evident in the key role it played to helping elect republicans Ronald Reagan and Newt Gingrich
New Right
Digital technology became easier to produce, and cheaper to purchase leading to the rise of technology usage
Digital Revolution
A stock market bubble in the late 1990s. The period coincided with massive growth in Internet adoption ended in 2001 but created tons of internet millionaires
Dot-com bubble
Passed over Truman’s veto, restricted the ability to strike as well as the preferential hiring of union members
The Taft Hartley Act of 1947
Act that allowed banks to use their commercial deposits to speculate in the investment market. Forced banks to avoid a conflict of interest by deciding whether they would be commercial or investment banks
Glass-Steagall Act / Banking Act of 1933
Protects consumer financial privacy
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999)
2016 President of the US
Donald Trump
Bush and Obama administrations responded to this by providing financial assistance to major banks
Financial crash of 2008
Administrations responding to crashes by providing financial assistance to major banks
Banker Bailout
A controversial set of laws that aimed to regulate the medical industry and provide subsidies to uninsured Americans
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
A turbulent election marked by ideological divisions within the Republican Party and a bitter rivalry between populist real-estate mogul Donald Trump and Democrat Hillary Clinton
Election of 2016
Donald Trump’s policies
New Populism
Election between Joe Biden and Donald Trump
Election of 2020
