Chapter 12 pt. 1 Flashcards
Ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II.
Cold War
An armed conflict between two states or non-state actors, one or both of which act at the instigation or on behalf of other parties that are not directly involved in the hostilities.
Proxy Wars
American foreign policy that pledges American “support for democracies against authoritarian threats.”
Truman Doctrine
Policy articulated by George Kennan, stated that the United States would not instigate a war with the Soviet Union, but would come to the defense of countries in danger of Soviet takeover. This policy aimed to prevent the spread of communism and encourage the Soviets to abandon their aggressive strategies.
Containment
A telegram sent by George Kennan to Washington from his duty station in Germany (1946) that set the policy of Containment to keep Soviets and communism contained so it can eventually collapse
Long Telegram
Named from Secretary of State George Marshall, send more than $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild cities and economy in return to become allies with the United States
Marshall Plan
A mutual defense alliance with Canada and a number of countries in Western Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Germany’s capital that was deep in Soviet territory and was divided
Berlin
A blockade on Berlin that occurred when the Soviet Union closed off access to the city during the Truman Administration in 1948
Berlin Blockade
Constructed of concrete and barbed wire, this wall divided Berlin between the East and the West during the Kennedy Administration in 1961. Built to prevent East Germans from leaving the country.
Berlin Wall
A document that stated that the US should invest much more money into military spending because they could not trust other countries to protect them against communism.
National Security Council 68
A group of foreign affairs advisers who work for the president
National Security Council
The United States’ spy network
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Led by General Douglas MacArthur, worked for the rehabilitation of Japan after World War II. Japan wrote a democratic constitution, demilitarized, and started a remarkable economic revival
Reconstruction of Japan
A group of revolutionaries led by Mao Zedong in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the People’s Republic of China and ending the imperial system. forced the Nationalist government to retreat to Taiwan.
Chinese Revolution
Communist revolutionary that became the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the People’s Republic of China
Mao Zedong
Former State Department official that was found guilty of consorting with a Communist Spy under Richard Nixon’s presidency
Alger Hiss
American labor union that headed by Ronald Reagan that attempted to discover and purge its own communists
Screen Actors Guild
Demagogic senator that claimed to have a list of more than 200 known communists working for the State Department, lead a campaign of innuendo that ruined the lives of thousands of innocent people.
Joseph McCarthy
Lists of those tainted with charges and prevented the accused from working
Blacklists
A pioneer of radio and television news broadcasting, produced a series of reports on his television program “See It Now” which helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy
Edward R. Murrow
A series of televised hearings held by the United States Senate’s Subcommittee on Investigations to investigate conflicting accusations between the United States Army and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Army-McCarthy Hearings
Period of time in American history that saw U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin produce a series of investigations and hearings during the 1950s in an effort to expose supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the U.S. government. (defamation)
McCarthyism
In 1946, the inflation rate in the United States was how many percent?
20%
Began the coal miners’ strike that cut off the energy supply to other industries, shut down steel foundries, auto plants, etc.
United Mine Workers (UMW)
Truman ordered a government _______ after being unable to reach a settlement between the United Mine Workers
Seizure of the mines
Labors and consumers formed an alliance that helped Republicans take control of the _________ in the 1946 midterm elections
Eightieth Congress
Issued a report in 1948 calling for an end to segregation and poll taxes, and advocated for a more aggressive enforcement of antilynching laws (lynching: violent public acts against blacks)
President’s Committee on Civil Rights
First African American to play Major League Baseball in the Modern Era. Broke the color barrier in baseball
Jackie Robinson
1948 segregationist Democrats that opposed racial integration and and wanted to retain aspects of racial discrimination.
Dixiecrats
Act that prohibited “union only” work environments, restricted labor’s right to strike, prohibited the use of union funds for political purposes, and gave the government broad power to intervene in strikes.
Taft-Hartley Act
Governor of New York that opposed Truman
Thomas Dewey
Began June 1950, when communist North Korea invaded South Korea (US backed)
The Korean War
U.S. Commander that recommended an all-out confrontation with China and objective of overthrowing the Communists and reinstating Chiang Kai-Shek
Douglas MacArthur
Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China and the Generalissimo from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in Mainland China and from then on in Taiwan.
Chiang Kai-Shek
One of America’s greatest military commanders, easily beat Democratic Adlai Stevenson
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Democrat that was beat by Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election
Adlai Stevenson
The extent to which individuals within an interindividual structure share the same values
Consensus of Values
An time where both men and women observed strict gender roles and complied with society’s expectations. After the devastation of the Great Depression and World War II, many Americans sought to build a peaceful and prosperous society.
Conformity
Provided an allowance for educational and living expenses for returning soldiers and veterans who wished to earn their high school diploma or attend college
G.I. Bill of Rights
Emerging art forms during an era of spiritual unrest
(“Howl”, Own the Road)
(Blackboard Jungle)
(The Wild One)
——-
(Elvis Presley)
(Little Richard)
(Jerry Lee Lewis)
(Chuck Berry)
Beat Poetry and Novels
and Rock n’ Roll
Shaped after the Eisenhower reduced military spending by reducing troops and buying powerful weapon systems
New Look Army
Created by Eisenhower to make it easier to move soldiers and nuclear missiles around the country
Interstate Highway System
Policy that would liquidate reservations, end federal support to Native Americans, and subject them to state law. Failed, but caused the depletion and impoverishment of a number of tribes.
Termination
Great victory for civil rights, ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
A group of African American students that enrolled in Little Rock High School
Little Rock Nine
Began in 1955 when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on bus to white man as required by Jim Crow Laws. Over outrage and long resentment over unfair treatment, Black people stayed off Montgomery buses for more than a year
Montgomery Bus Boycott
African American woman that was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man as required by Jim Crow Laws
Rosa Parks
Laws that enforced racial segregation
Jim Crow Laws
American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968
Martin Luther King Jr
Black college students in _________ peacefully protested after watching MLK and organized a sit-in at a local Woolworth’s lunch counter designated “whites-only”
Greensboro, North Carolina
Secretary of State under Eisenhower
John Foster Dulles
The act of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression. (basically release)
Liberation
Coined by John Foster Dulles, used to describe the nuclear attack that the United States would launch if the Soviets tried to do anything daring
Massive Retaliation
Described how the Soviet fear of massive retaliation would prevent their challenging the United States and led to an arms race.
Deterrence
A mere knowledge of this would prevent both nations (US and Soviet) from deploying nuclear weapons
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Confrontations with the Soviet Union to escalate toward war
Brinksmanship
If a nation fell to communism, surrounding nations would quickly fall as well
Domino Theory
New Soviet leader after Joseph Stalin that denounced Stalin’s totalitarianism and called for “peaceful coexistence” among nations with different economic philosophies.
Nikita Khrushchev
US Government Agency responsible for the civil space program
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
American allied Taiwan occupied these two islands close to mainland China and used them as bases for commando raids on the communists
Quemoy and Matsu
Countries that allied themselves with neither of the two major powers (NATO and Warsaw Pact)
Third World
Swept through most Third World nations, Indicates the aspects that characterize and distinguish the United States as an autonomous political community.
Nationalism
United States tried offering foreign aid trying to gain an ally by building this much-needed dam
Aswan Dam
Egypt’s nationalist leader that suspected the Western powers of subterfuge, therefore he detested Israel (western ally). Turned to the Soviet Union
Gamal Nasser
Israel invaded Egypt followed by Britain and France in effort to gain control of this canal
Suez Canal
Used to provide a more forceful method of increasing its influence abroad
CIA Covert Operations
Communist leader of Cuba
Fidel Castro
Eisenhower’s vice president that received the Republican nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Went against John F. Kennedy (and lost)
Richard Nixon
Kennedy’s vice president that helped shore up the Southern votes for Kennedy (northern)
Lyndon Johnson
Massachusetts senator that campaigned against the communist menace during the 1960 presidential election and was youthful
John F. Kennedy
A long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.
Vietnam War
Kennedy’s policies that promised that the fight to conquer poverty, racism, and other contemporary domestic woes
New Frontier
Plan that involved sending Cuban exiles (CIA had been training) to invade Cuba. However failed as Kennedy did not provide adequate American military support and became a full blown disaster that diminished America’s status with the Allies.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
American spy planes detected missile sites in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
Mission was to provide teachers and specialists in agriculture, health care, transportation, and communications to the Third World (Nation Building)
Peace Corps
Kennedy supported this, and established a presidential commission that recommended removing all obstacles to women’s participation in all facets of society.
Women’s rights
Act that required that men and women receive equal pay for equal work
Equal Pay Act
Kennedy openly embraced this movement during his late presidency. He enforced desegregation at the University of Alabama and University of Mississippi, asked Congress for legislation that would outlaw segregation in all public facilities.
Black Civil Rights Movement
Lyndon Johnson pushed this legislation after Kennedy’s assassination pertaining to the segregation issue
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Led by King, staged sit-ins, boycotts, and peaceful demostrations
Southern Christian Leadership
Organized the Freedom Riders movement
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Staged sit-ins on buses, sitting in sections prohibited to blacks by segregation laws
Freedom Riders Movement
Integrated group that did grassroot work in the areas of voter registration and anti segregationist activism
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Misissippi’s NAACP director that was shot to death by an anti-integrationist in 1963
Medgar Evers
The basis of all discrimination suits, outlawed discrimination based on a person’s race, color, religion, or gender.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Johnson established the ______ to enforce the employment clause of the Civil Rights Act
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Act that cracked down states that denied Black people the right to vote despite the Fifteenth Amendment
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Act that appropriated nearly $1 billion for poverty relief
Economic Opportunity Act
Lyndon Johnson’s antipoverty programs
Johnson’s War on Poverty
Program that prepared underprivileged children for early schooling
Project Head Start
Program that prepared underprivileged high school children for early schooling
Upward Bound
Program that trained the unskilled so they could get better jobs
Job Corps
Program that acted as a domestic Peace Corps
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)
Program that guaranteed legal counsel to those who could not afford their own lawyers
Legal Services for the Poor
Program that increased federal aid to low-income apartment renters and built more federal housing projects. Also established Medicare and Medicaid
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Lyndon Johnson’s social agendas/policies:
Great Society
