Chapter 11 pt. 2 Flashcards
Grew to more than 5 million, and attacked Blacks, Jews, urbanites, and anyone whose behavior deviated from the Klan’s narrowly defined code of acceptable Christian behavior.
Ku Klux Klan
Two Italian immigrant anarchist that were arrested on charges of murder.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the “new immigrants” from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Emergency Quota Act
The Emergency Quota Act were also known as these:
Emergency Immigration Act of 1921
Immigration Restriction Act of 1921
Immigration Act of 1924
A famous trial for John Thomas Scopes when he broke the law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution.
Scopes Monkey Trial
A teacher that broke the law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution.
John Thomas Scopes
Two prominent attorneys who ran for president in 1896, 1900, and 1908 that argued in the Scopes Monkey Trial for their defendant, John Thomas Scopes.
Clarence Darrow
William Jennings Bryan
Banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition
Movement that had its roots in the reform campaigns of the 1930’s and remained mainstay of women’s political agendas until it was outlawed in 1917
The Prohibition Movement
Amendment that outlawed the American liquor industry (made alcohol illegal)
18th Amendment
Era of open welfare between competing gangs and between criminals and law enforcement. Inspired many movies and television series.
Gangster Era
Repealed prohibition in 1933 (made alcohol legal)
21st Amendment
Republican President during the Great Depression (loser)
Hebert Hoover
Destabilizing practice that was made illegal after the stock crash of 1929, the practice of buying an asset where the buyer pays only a percentage of the asset’s value and borrows the rest from the bank or a broker.
Margin Buying
Causes of the Great Depression
- Stock Market Crash of 1929
- World War I Debt
- Production of new goods increasing while public ability to buy decreasing (supply increase demand decrease)
From 1929-1939, an economic depression after a major stock market crash and the increase of supply but the decrease of demand that led to the unemployment and bankruptcy of many.
The Great Depression
What did the Great Depression cause?
People lost:
- Jobs (employers bankrupt)
- Life savings (banks failed)
- Homes (mortgage too expensive)
Shantytowns, or buildings made from poor materials, such as mud and wood
Hoovervilles
By how much did produce drop by during the Great Depression?
About 50%
A prolonged drought that afflicted the Great Plains area of the Midwest that turned the region into:
Dust Bowl
Organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices on crops.
Farmers’ Holiday Association
Hebert Hoover opposed federal relief because he believed they violated the American idea of:
Rugged Individualism
Federal works projects Hebert Hoover advocated for
- Hoover Dam
- Grand Coulee Dam
The highest protective tariff in U.S. history, enacted during the worst economic depressions to place tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to protect revenue and regulate commerce with foreign countries.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Provided government money to bail out large companies and banks (only big companies and banks could pay money back later on)
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
Tens of thousands of impoverished veterans and families who came to Washington to lobby for the bonus payment (bill). Refused to leave when payment was denied and was attacked with excessive force.
Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Army general who commanded his army to attack the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF) with tear gas and burn makeshift homes.
Douglas MacArthur
Democratic New York Governor that promised relief payments to the unemployed during the Great Depression (also ran 4 terms)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to help people in times of crisis, fixing the economy, and preventing another economic crisis (Relief, recovery, reform).
New Deal (1933-1939)
The period that lasted for a hundred days as the government implemented major programs associated with the First New Deal
First Hundred Days
Put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses (seals of approval)
The Emergency Banking Relief Bill
A series of radio addresses that reassured the public that the banks were once again secure given by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Fireside Chats
Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee bank deposits
Banking Act of 1933
Guaranteed bank deposits, which were useful as people used to lose all the money in their accounts if a bank went bankrupt.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Alphabet Agencies
Provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to a half. Money to cover this program came from increased taxes on meat, packers, millers, and other food processors.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure
Farm Credit Act
Consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim of eliminating overproduction and stabilizing prices. A
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Established by the National Industrial Recovery Act, set aside $3 Billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA-like projects.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Taught better farming methods, replanting trees, and building dams. Expanded operations greatly and led to the economic recovery of the region.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Medicated labor disputes
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Regulated the stock market
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Keynesian Economics, concluded that depressions happen because spending decreases with supply increases.
John Maynard Keynes
Keynesian Economic Concept, when government spends more than its revenue
Deficit spending
Keynesian Economic Concept, An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.
Multiplier Effect
Criticizers of Roosevelt, opposed the high tax rates of the New Deal, disliked the increase in government power over business, and complained that relief programs removed the incentive for the poor to lift themselves out of poverty.
Conservatives
Complained that the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) policy of paying farmers not the grow was immoral, because many Americans were still too poor to feed themselves and wanted more punitive measures as they blamed corporate greed for the Depression.
Leftists
Previously a senator/governor of Louisiana, was a huge threat to the Roosevelt and strongly promoted a plan similar to Social Security called the Social Security Act to raise income tax.
Huey Long
Gained popularity as they called for the nationalization (takeover by the government) of businesses
Socialists / Communist Party of America
Invalidated sections of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), claiming that the codes created under this agency were unconstitutional.
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (sick chicken case)
Struck down the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
United States v. Butler
Roosevelt’s attempt to increase the size of the Supreme court from 9 justices to 15, and to give him power to pick justices whose views he liked.
Court-Packing Scheme
Historians commonly speak of a First New Deal (1933-1934), with the “alphabet soup” of relief, recovery, and reform agencies it created.
First New Deal (1933-1934)
Offered further legislative reforms and created the groundwork for today’s modern social welfare system.
Second New Deal (1935-1938)
Generated more than 8 million jobs, paid for by the government. Alongside public works projects, they employed writers, photographers, and other artists to create travel guides to record local and personal histories.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
The amount and importance of legislation passed during this summer is comparable to the first hundred days.
Second Hundred Days
Provided retirement benefits for many workers, including disabled and families whose main breadwinner had died.
Social Security Administration
Democratic coalition made up of union members, urbanites, the underclass, and black people.
New Deal Coalition
Who made up the New Deal Coalition?
Union Members
Urbanites
Underclass
Black People
A bill proposed that Roosevelt be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of 70 and had not retired.
Judicial Reorganization Bill
A period of continually decreasing output (Real GDP) accompanied by a significant rise in unemployment.
Recession
Set a minimum wage and established the 40-hour workweek for many professions.
Fair Labor Standards Act
Conference that gathered 8 of the world’s great powers and resulted in reaffirming the Open Door Policy towards China
The Washington Conference (1921-1922)
Stated all foreign countries had equal trading rights with China
Open Door Policy
Signed by 62 nations in 1928, this pact condemned war as a means of foreign policy, and not to be used to resolve conflicts or disputes.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Foreign policy of administration towards United States and Latin America. Emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere.
Good Neighbor Policy
Japan invaded this region in 1931, violating the Kellogg-Briand Act
Manchuria
Raising tariffs to restrict imports from other countries
Protectionism
Allowed the President to reduce tariffs if they felt it would achieve foreign policy goals
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
Countries/nations with this status were eligible for the lowest tariff rate set by the United States. (Is still a foreign policy used today)
Most favored nation (MFN) trade status
Senator that led the Nye Commission
Gerald Nye
1936 commission’s report that revealed unwholesome activities by American arm manufactures: lobbying intensely for entry into World War I, bribing foreign officials, and supplying fascist governments with weapons.
Nye Commission
A series of acts that responded to the activities found by the Nye Commission.
Neutrality Acts
Prohibited the sale of arms to either nation in war
1st Neutrality Act (1935)
Banned loans to either nation in war
2nd Neutrality Act
Allowed the sale of arms to Allies, but they had to pay cash and pick up purchases with their own ships.
3rd Neutrality Act
America, England, France, Soviet Union (Russia)
Allies !!
Headed the Department of War and Navy
Pro-Ally Republicans
Set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the United States.”
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
Declared the Allies’ war aims, which included disarmament, self-determination, freedom of the seas, and guarantees of each nation’s security.
Atlantic Charter Conference
Also known as the Berlin Pact, established the Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy.
Tripartite Pact
A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War during World War II. Instead of attacking mainland targets first, this strategy sought to target Pacific islands that were not well defended and provided access to the main islands of Japan.
Island-hopping/Leapfrogging
created by Douglas MacArthur.
Secretary of War that encourage Roosevelt to wait for the Japanese attack in order to guarantee popular support for the war at home.
Henry Stimson
An attack by the Japanese on December 7 that entered the US into World War II in this location in Hawaii
Pearl Harbor
The Big Three were consisted of:
Franklin Roosevelt (US)
Winston Churchill (UK)
Joseph Stalin (soviet union)
A concentrated research and development effort to develop the first atomic bombs.
The Manhattan Project of 1942
Soviet Union spies that infiltrated the Manhattan Project of 1942
Ethel and Julius Rosenburg
Where was the first meeting of the big three located?
Iranian capital of Tehran
On June 6, 1944, the Allies launched an invasion in Normandy. Brought together the land, air, and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion force in human history
D-Day
Passed in reaction to a disconcerting number of labor strikes in industries, this act allowed government takeover of business deemed necessary to national security and gave the government authority to settle labor disputes
The Labor Disputes Act of 1943
Enlisted to create numerous propaganda films, both to encourage support on the home front and boost morale of the troops overseas
Hollywood
Created the first peacetime draft in US history and gave birth to the current incarnation of the Selective Service System
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
Provided about 10 million soldiers toward the war effort. Requires all male citizens register for the draft within 30 days after turning 18.
Selective Service System
Came to symbolize the millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs during WWII
Rosie the Riveter
The government imprisoned more than 110,000 Asian Americans due to ethnic background as they feared a Japanese invasion would take place after World War I. Many lost their homes and possessions due to this
Internment of Japanese Americans (1942)
A case in which the Court held that compulsory exclusion of citizens during times of war is justified in order to reduce the risk of espionage (aka spies)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Justice of the Korematsu v. United States case
Hugo Black
Allied leaders met here in February of 1945
Yalta
Stalin wanted to create this between the Soviet Union and West Europe as he wanted to surround himself with nations that were friendly toward the government in Moscow.
Buffer Zone
A metaphor coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the symbolic division of Eastern and Western Europe (origins of the cold war)
Iron Curtain
Created by the Allies near the end of WW2 to mediate future international disputes
The United Nations
Allies met here to decide how to implement the agreements of Yalta
Potsdam
Establishes the terms for the surrender of Japan, and removed Japan’s emperor from power.
Potsdam Declaration
Represented the United States after Roosevelt’s death in April.
Harry S. Truman
bomb
atomic bomb
famous atomic bomb
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
