Chapter 12 pt. 2 Flashcards
Extremely liberal chief justice under the presidency of Lyndon Johnson
Earl Warren
Period of the Supreme Court under Earl Warren that worked to enforce voting rights for Black people and forced states to redraw congressional districts so minorities would receive greater representation
Warren Court
Court case that ruled a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer for free if he/she cannot afford one
Gideon v. Wainwright
Court case that ruled upon arrest, a suspect must be advised on his/her right to remain silent and to consult with a lawyer.
Miranda v. Arizona
Ratified on January 23, 1964, this amendment banned the use of poll tax in all elections
24th Amendment
Bombed black churches and homes of civil rights activists with seeming impunity
Ku Klux Klan
Minister of the Nation of Islam that urged black people to claim their rights “by any means necessary” and ignored nonviolent protest strategies. His autobiography is an essential document of the history of racism in America
Malcolm X
A black nationalist organization that offered numerous programs and events designed to uplift blacks that are however overshadowed by the organization’s record of antisemitism, homophobia, and connections to prominent white supremacists.
Nation of Islam
Separatist radical program/movement that were led by the Black Panthers and fragmented after the assassination of King. Some continued to advocate integration and peaceful change while others argued for empowerment through self-imposed segregation and aggression
Black Power
National student activist organization that laid out the platform for the Port Huron Statement and eventually formed to become the New Left
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Set the tone for other progressive groups on college campuses, also eventually formed to the New Left
Port Huron Statement
Broad political movement consisting of advocates who supported the elimination of poverty, racism, and an end to Cold War politics.
New Left
Where was an active branch of the New Left formed at?
University of California at Berkeley (1964)
New Left protests at the University of California at Berkeley formed this movement in which fostered a number of leftists and radical political groups on the Berkeley campus
Free Speech Movement
A cultural rebellion/movement consisting of Beat writers (Beatniks) such as Allen Ginsburg, William Burroughs, and Jack Kerouac that challenged the straight-laced conservatism of the Eisenhower era by publishing works championing bohemian lifestyles, drug use, and nontraditional styles of art.
Beat Movement
Book that openly challenged many people’s assumptions about women’s place in society.
The Feminine Mystique
Founder of the National Organization for Women
(NOW) who wrote the Feminine Mystique, identified “the problem that has no name” and is credited with restarting the women’s movement, which had faded after women suffrage was achieved with the 19th Amendment.
Betty Friedan
Organization formed in 1966 to fight for legislative changes, including the ill-fated Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
Equal Rights Amendment
An event at which gays fought back against the police in New York City
Stonewall riots
Court case that enabled women to obtain abortions in all 50 states within the first trimester.
Roe v. Wade
Court case that a state’s ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy
Griswold v. Connecticut
A way of life that was a total contrast to the staid mainstream culture (Ex: Hippies that grew their hair long, wore tie-dyed shirts, and ripped jeans)
Counterculture
An American marine biologist who wrote the seminal work of nonfiction, Silent Spring.
Rachel Carson
A worldwide bestseller that led to the ban of widespread use of the chemical pesticide DDT
Silent Spring
An act responding to the industrial pollution controlling the use of airborne contaminants
Clean Air Act of 1955
A nationalist Vietnamese resistance that was led by Ho Chi Minh to achieve the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Vietminh
Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader that led the Vietminh. Also wrote the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
Ho Chi Minh
The right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence.
Self-Determination
A Vietnamese emperor whom the French had installed in the South. The United States ended alliance with him as they felt he was too weak to control the country.
Bao Dai
Battle at which the French was defeated when Vietnam fought a war for independence against the French from 1946-1954
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with Communist forces controlling North Vietnam and Democratic forces controlling South Vietnam
Geneva Accords
South Vietnamese leader that made an alliance with the US and helped drive out Bao Dai. He pronounced South Vietnam an autonomous country and turned out to be a vicious leader that took despotic control of South Vietnam, imprisoning political enemies, persecuting Buddhist monks, and closing newspapers that criticized his government.
Ngo Dinh Diem
The United States rallied Britain, France, Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, New Zealand, and Australia to form this NATO-like organization to provide for South Vietnam’s defense against Communist takeover
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
South Vietnamese citizens that joined the North Vietnamese side
Vietcong
A gulf at the northwestern portion of the South China Sea, located off the coasts of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) and South China where two American destroyer ships were fired on
Gulf of Tonkin
Allowed the president to take any measures he deemed necessary to protect American interests in the region. Also gave Johnson freedom to escalate U.S. participation in the war
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Massive Air Force bombing raids into North Vietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder (yay)
Chemical agents that destroyed the Vietnamese jungles and contaminated the land
Agent Orange and Napalm
Happened throughout Johnson’s administration the United States essentially took over the war effort from South Vietnamese
Americanization of the Vietnam War
Named after the Vietnamese holiday celebrating the New Year, it was a highly calculated series of attacks carried around the country, showing how the US had underestimated the sophistication of Vietnamese strategy. The North Vietnamese inflicted tremendous damage on American forces and nearly captured the American embassy in the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon (Major turning point for the Americans in the Vietnam War)
Tet Offensive
Occurred the same year as the Tet Offensive, took place in a small village in South Vietnam where U.S. soldiers abused, tortured, and murdered an estimated 347 to 504 innocent civilians including women, children, and elderly too infirm to fight.
My Lai Massacre
Two people that were poised to challenge Lyndon Johnson during renomination
Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy
Lyndon Johnson’s vice president
Hubert Humphrey
The murder of this civil rights leader ignited a massive wave of civil unrest, including arson and looting of largely white-owned businesses,
Martin Luther King Jr.
Republican who went against Democratic Hebert Humphrey and George Wallace in the 1968 election and won
Richard Nixon
Alabama governor who ran a segregationist third-party campaign and was popular in the South.
George Wallace
A notable leader in the Conservative reaction to the changes of the 1960s. Most well known for lobbying against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Phyllis Schlafly
Richard Nixon’s promise to end American involvement in the Vietnam War by turning the war over to the South Vietnamese and withdrawing American troops yet increasing intensity of air strikes
Vietnamization
Secretary of State under Nixon that completed negotiations for peace treaty with the North Vietnamese ending the American involvement in Vietnam in 1973
Henry Kissinger
Passed by Congress in order to prevent future presidents from involving the military in another undeclared war. Requires the president to obtain congressional approval for any troop commitment lasting longer than 60 days
War Powers Resolution
A policy of openness that called for countries to respect each other’s differences and cooperate more closely. Ushered in a brief period of relaxed tensions between the USSR and China but however ended when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979
Détente
Announced that the United States would withdraw from many of its overseas troop commitments, relying instead on alliances with local governments to check the spread of communism
Nixon Doctrine
A period of combined recession-inflation
Stagflation
Nixon’s attempt to combat the nation’s economic woes
Price-and-wage freeze and increased federal spending
National guardsmen shot and killed four protesters at this University in Ohio who were protesting about the United States’ decision to invade Vietcong camps in neutral Cambodia
Kent State University
A similar incident as the Kent State University massacre occurred here
Black Jackson State University in Mississippi
Liberal Senator that ran against Richard Nixon in the presidential election of 1972
George McGovern
A top-secret government study of the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Covered the period from World War II to 1968 and documented numerous military miscalculations and flat-out lies the government told the public
Pentagon Papers
A team of investigators led by Nixon to prevent further leaks of classified documents from the Pentagon Papers. Undertook disgraceful projects and sabotaged the campaigns of several Democratic hopefuls
Plumbers
The government official who had turned the Pentagon Papers over to the press
Daniel Ellsberg
Plumbers botched a burglary of Democratic headquarters here
Watergate Hotel
Investigative journalists that exposed more evidence against Nixon in the pages of The Washington Post
Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein
Richard Nixon’s vice president that took over after his resignation in August 1974 and immediately granted Nixon a presidential pardon, preventing a trial
Gerald Ford
Nixon’s first vice president who had resigned in the face of impending criminal charges relating to corruption during his tenure as governor of Maryland
Spiro Agnew
Gerald Ford’s vice president that became the first vice president who hadn’t been elected by the public
Nelson Rockefeller
A major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon’s resignation.
Watergate era/scandal
1974 attempt to spur a grassroots movement to combat inflation in the US, by encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits in combination with public measures, urged by U.S. President Gerald Ford.
Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
An oil embargo organized by Arab nations increased fuel prices leading to inflation
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Actor who damaged Ford’s credibility with parodies on Saturday Night Live
Chevy Chase
Democrat who won against Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election and inherited a weakening economy where inflation exceeded 10% and interest rates on loans approached 20%
Jimmy Carter
Cabinet-level government agency created to increase funding for research into alternative sources of power
Department of Energy
Pennsylvania plant at ________ failed, releasing radioactive materials into the atmosphere
Three Mile Island
High point of the Carter Administration that lead to peace between Israel and Egypt
Peace Agreement between Israel and Egypt (Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty)
Where the two leaders of Egypt and Israel came to a peace negotiation
Camp David
Israel took control of the Sinai Peninsula, a desert region belonging to Egypt
Six Day War
Socialist political party in Nicaragua that allied themselves with the USSR and Cuba
Sandinista
