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Biology Final Exam > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single individual passes gene to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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3
Q

Are there any organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually?

A

Yes. Ex: Aphids, flatworms, starfish

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4
Q

Which type of division is used for each type of reproduction?

A

Mitosis for asexual, meiosis for sexual

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5
Q

What constitutes a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

homologous chromosomes, or homologs, which have the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same characters

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6
Q

If an organism’s genome consists of 2n=46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes does it have? How many of the chromosomes are maternal in origin? How many are paternal in origin?

A

23 pairs of homologs; 23 maternal; 23 paternal

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7
Q

In humans, how many individual chromosomes and homologous pairs are autosomes? How many are sex chromosomes?

A

Autosomes: pairs 1-22; 44 chromosomes

Sex chromosomes: pair 23; two chromosomes

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8
Q

Describe the types of human sex chromosomes. Which would be present in a female? Which in a male?

A

The sex chromosomes, pair 23, determine the sex of the individual and are called X and Y; In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X; In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be X or Y. Females have XX. Males have XY

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9
Q

Meiosis I: Prophase I

A

Chromosomes begin to condense; nuclear envelope dissolves; crossing over may occur

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10
Q

Meiosis I: Metaphase I

A

homologous pairs (Tetrad) line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole; Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad; Microtubules from the other pole are attached to the kinetochore of the other chromosome

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11
Q

Meiosis I: Anaphase I

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate; One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus; Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole

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12
Q

Meiosis I: Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A

chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope reforms; each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids; Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells

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13
Q

Meiosis II: Prophase II

A

Chromosomes begin to condense; nuclear envelope dissolves; a spindle apparatus forms; late prophase II, chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate

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14
Q

Meiosis II: Metaphase II

A

sister chromatids align individually at the metaphase plate; The kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles

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15
Q

Meiosis II: Anaphase II

A

the sister chromatids separate and move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

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16
Q

Meiosis II: Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; Nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing; Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm

17
Q

How does the alignment of the chromosomes at the metaphase plate differ between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2?

A

Meiosis I: in homologous pair; Meiosis II: as individual, replicated chromosomes

18
Q

Compare mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

19
Q

diploid

A

2n, having two of each chromosome type

20
Q

haploid

A

n, having only one of each chromosomes type

21
Q

gonads

A

organs in animals, such as testes (male) and ovaries (female), where gametes are produced

22
Q

gametogenesis

A

the production of gametes, such as sperm and eggs (ovum)

23
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

24
Q

Sperm

A

Male sex cell

25
Q

egg (ovum)

A

Female sex cell

26
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

27
Q

variation

A

the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

28
Q

clone

A

one of a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

29
Q

gene

A

the units of heredity; made up of segments of DNA found on a specific location of a certain chromosome

30
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of gametes

31
Q

locus

A

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

32
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and carry the same genes

33
Q

somatic cell

A

non-gametic cells

34
Q

autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes

35
Q

zygote

A

single cell that results from fertilization

Biology Final Exam (19 decks)

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