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Biology Final Exam > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do unicellular organisms undergo cell division?

A

in order to reproduce

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2
Q

Why do multicellular organisms undergo cell division?

A

Growth and repair

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3
Q

Gamete cells

A

cells produced by multicellular organisms when they produce sperm and egg (reproductive) cells. Gamete cells are haploid.

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4
Q

Somatic cells

A

all of the other cells of the body (besides sex cells). Somatic cells are diploid.

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5
Q

Why are the terms “n” and “2n” used to symbolize haploid and diploid?

A

The number of chromosome types are represented by the letter n. If the cell is 2n that means it has two copies of each type of chromosome

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6
Q

If 2n = 6, then what does n equal?

A

3

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7
Q

How do haploid and diploid relate to homologous chromosome pairs?

A

A cell that is n has only one of the homologous pair. A cell that is 2n has both chromosomes of the homologous pair.

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8
Q

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and the mitotic phase

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9
Q

During which of the phases of the cell cycle does the cell spend 90% of its time?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

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11
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the relationship between mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

They overlap to allow for proper division of the cell. Cytokinesis overlaps with the last two phases of mitosis.

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13
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (& cytokinesis)

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14
Q

Prophase

A

the chromosomes are located inside the nuclear envelope, are still in their replicated form, and the mitotic spindle is just starting to form

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15
Q

Prometaphase

A

the nuclear envelope dissolves so the chromosomes (still in their replicated form) are no longer in the nucleus, the aster has fully formed and kinetochore microtubules have attached to both sides of the centromere of each chromosome

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

the replicated chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

17
Q

Anaphase

A

Enzymes cut through the cohesin proteins and centromere holding the sister chromatids together, the kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull the (no longer replicated) chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell, nonkinetochore microtubules grow to start to lengthen the cell in preparation for division

18
Q

Telophase (& cytokinesis)

A

nuclear envelope reforms, the unreplicated chromosomes decondense, cytoplasm divides, a cleavage furrow forms and grows along the metaphase plate, microfilaments tighten at the metaphase plate splitting the cell into two causing the formation of two daughter cells

19
Q

Animal cell cytokinesis

A

a cleavage furrow forms and grows along the metaphase plate, microfilaments tighten at the metaphase plate splitting the cell into two causing the formation of two daughter cells

20
Q

Plant cell cytokinesis

A

vesicles containing the substances of the cell well group together at the metaphase plate, fuse, and form a cell plate that eventually reaches all the way across the cell, splitting the cell into two

21
Q

daughter cell

A

cell that results from division

22
Q

gametes

A

egg or sperm cells with half of the original amount of DNA

23
Q

aster

A

the star shaped structure made of microtubules that anchors the centrosome to the cytoskeleton

24
Q

chromatin

A

mix of DNA and histone proteins that make up the chromosomes

25
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that surrounds the DNA

26
Q

nuclear envelope fragmentation

A

when the envelope dissolves in mitosis

27
Q

chromosome condensation

A

when the chromosomes condense during mitosis

28
Q

centrosome

A

the structure from which the mitotic spindle forms

29
Q

centriole

A

part of the centrosome from which the spindle fibers grow

30
Q

mitotic spindle

A

consists of the aster, kinetochore microtubules, and nonkinetochore microtubules

31
Q

metaphase plate

A

equator of the cell where chromosomes line up and where the cell splits

32
Q

cell plate

A

partial cell wall formed at metaphase plate when a new cell wall is developing between two newly divided cells

33
Q

cleavage furrow

A

furrow that forms at the metaphase plate of the cell during cytokinesis

34
Q

cleavage

A

the separation of two structures

Biology Final Exam (19 decks)

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