Chapter 12.2

Question 1

What are substances that can cause mutations

Answer 1

-they are referred to as mutagens

Question 2

What are transposons

Answer 2

• they can insert and remove themselves from the genome

- >so if they insert themselves into the middle of the genome or remove themselves, that may be problematic

Question 3

What are the extents of chromosomal mutations

Answer 3

-large segments of DNA being affected

Question 4

List the different chromosomal mutations

Answer 4

1) Deletion mutations
- >occur when large fragments of DNA is lost from chromosome

2) Duplication mutations
- >segment of DNA is copied a multiple times in the genome

3) Inversion mutation
- >occurs when the a segment of DNA is reversed within the chromosome

4) Insertion mutations
- >occurs when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

5) Translocation mutations
- >occur when a segment of DNA from one chromosome is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome

Question 5

What are inborn errors of metabolism

Answer 5

• they are a class of deleterious mutations
• > that result in defects of genes required for metabolism
• > children born with these defects require very early intervention in order to prevent permanent damage from the buildup of metabolites in various pathways

Question 6

What is genetic leakage

Answer 6

• flow of genes between species

- >in some cases hybrid offspring are created(such as the mule)

Question 7

What is genetic drift

Answer 7

• refers to changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance
• > it is more pronounced in small populations

Question 8

What is the founder effect

Answer 8

• it is an extreme case of genetic drift
• > in which a small population of a species finds itself in reproductive isolation from other populations as a result of natural barriers
• > or catastrophic events

Question 9

What is the bottleneck effect

Answer 9

• it is where the population is drastically reduced
• > so the size of the population available for breeding drastically reduces
• > because the breeding is small, inbreeding or mating between genetically related individuals may occur in later generations

Question 10

What is inbreeding depression

Answer 10

-loss of genetic variation may cause reduced fitness of the population

Question 11

What is outbreeding or outcrossing

Answer 11

-introduction of unrelated individuals into a breeding group