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MCAT Biology > Chapter 1.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic
->they contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane

Prokaryotic
->they do not contain a TRUE nucleus

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2
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce

A

-they reproduce through the process of mitosis

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3
Q

How many membranes in the nuclear membrane or envelope

A

-it is a double membrane

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4
Q

What allows for the selective two way exchange between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

A

-the nuclear pores allows for this

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5
Q

Describe the relation between histones and linear DNA

A
  • linear DNA is bound around histone proteins

- >they are then wound around further to result in linear strands called chromosomes

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6
Q

Where is the ribsosomal RNA(rRNA) synthesized?

A
  • it is synthesized in the nucleolus
  • > the nucleolus is the darker spot in the nucleus
  • > takes up about 25% of the nucleus
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7
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

-it serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion

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8
Q

What is the function of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A
  • it is organized into foldings called cristae
  • > contains molecules/enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain

-note the cristae increases the surface area available for the electron transport chain enzymes

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9
Q

What is the space between the inner and outer mitochondrion membranes

A

-this space is referred to as the intermembrane space

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10
Q

What is the space inside the inner mitochondrion membrane referred to as

A

-it is referred to as the matrix

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11
Q

What is meant by the term cytoplasmic inheritance or extranuclear inheritance? Give an example

A
  • it is described as the genetic transmission of material independent of the nucleus
  • > eg; mitochondria
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12
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • they are membrane bound structures
  • > containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • > break down many substrates
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13
Q

What are endosomes and which organelles do they cooperate with

A
  • they are organelles
  • > that transport, package and sort cell material to and from the cell membrane

-they work together with the cell membrane, the TRANS golgi and the lysosomes for degradation

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14
Q

What is meant by the term autolysis? What does it ultimately result in?

A
  • it is the release of enzymes from the lysosome
  • > ultimately results in apoptosis
  • > as there are hydrolytic enzymes
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15
Q

What is the smooth ER used for?

A
  • they lack ribosomes
  • > so they are used primarily for lipid synthesis
  • > eg; phospholipids in the cell membrane

-they are also used for the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons

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16
Q

What are peroxisomes? What are their function

A
  • they contain hydrogen peroxide
  • > they primarily breakdown long chain fatty acids via BETA oxidation
  • they are also involved in synthesis of phospholipids
  • > contain some enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway
17
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? Also name the three types of cytoskeletons

A
  • they provide structure to the cell and helps maintain the shape of the cell
  • they also provide a conduit for the transport of materials around the cell
18
Q

What are microfilaments? How do they help the cell? What are they made up of?

A
  • they are made up of solid polymerized rods of actin
  • > not hollow
  • they help the cell with resistance of compression
  • > they also provide protection for the cell

-actin works in unison with myosin as well to generate muscle movement

19
Q

Do microfilaments play a role in cytokinesis

A
  • yes
  • > they are involved in the division of materials between daughter cells
  • > they form the CLEAVAGE FURROW between two daughter cells
  • > as actin within this cleavage furrow or ring contract, they become smaller
  • > eventually pinching off the connection between the two daughter cells
20
Q

What are microtubules? What are their functions in the cells

A
  • they are hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

- >they provide pathways for kinesis and dynein to carry vesicles

21
Q

Do cilia and flagella contain microtubules? What is their unique structure

A
  • yes
  • their unique structure is the 9+2 structure
  • > 9 pairs of microtubules form the outer ring
  • > 2 pairs of microtubules form the center
22
Q

Where are centrioles found?What is their function during mitosis?

A
  • centrioles are found in centrosomes
  • > they are the organizing centers for mcirotubules
  • during mitosis
  • > they go to opposite poles of the cell and organize the mitotic spindle
  • > they exert force on kinetochores this way, pulling the sister chromatids apart
23
Q

What are different classes of intermediate filaments? What are they involved in?

A
  • the different classes are keratin, desmin, vimentin and lamins
  • they are involved in cell to cell adhesion
  • they are also involved in maintaining the cytoskeleton integrity of the cell
  • > allows the cell to withstand tension
  • > making the cell structure more rigid

-they also anchor organelles organelles like the nucleus

24
Q

What are the four tissue types

A

1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

25
Q

What do epithelial tissues cover? What functions does it serve

A
  • they cover the body and line its cavities
  • > provide a means against pathogen invasion or dessication
  • they also are involved in
  • > absorption, secretion and sensation
26
Q

What are epithelial cells attached to

A

-they are attached to a connective tissue known as the basement membrane

27
Q

What is meant by the parenchyma? Give examples

A
  • they are the functional parts of the organ
  • > the epithelia cells make up the parenchyma often times
  • > eg; nephrons in the kidney, hepatocytes of the liver, etc
28
Q

Are epithelial cells polarized? If so, then what is meant by the term polarized

A
  • yes
  • means one side faces the lumen
  • > the other interacts with the underlying blood vessels/structural cells

-eg; small intestine cells

29
Q

How to classify epithelia according to the number of layers

A

One layer
->simple epithelia

Multiple layers
->stratified epithelia

Multiple layers that seem to be different in height
->pseudostratified epithelia

30
Q

How to classify epithelia according to their shape

A
  • cuboidal
  • columnar(long and thin)
  • squamous(flat and scale like)
31
Q

What are connective tissues used for

A
  • they are used for:
  • > supporting the body
  • > providing the body with a framework for the eipthelia cells to carry out their functions
32
Q

What is the main difference between epithelial cells and connective tissue cells

A

Connective tissue cells

  • > main contributors to the stroma or support structure
  • > eg; bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood

Epithelial cells
->contribute to the parenchyma of an organ

33
Q

Do cells in connective tissue secrete materials such as collagen and elastin

A
  • yes

- >these materials form the extracellular matrix

MCAT Biology (30 decks)

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