Chapter 12 Vocab 2

Question 1

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 1

• circulatory medium within the CNS that is produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus filtering the blood
• made to transport and provide buoyancy

Question 2

ependymal cells

Answer 2

• glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid
• line the central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
• secrete and monitor cerebrospinal fluid
• contain stem cells for repair

Question 3

astrocytes

Answer 3

• glial cell type of the CNS that provides support for neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier
• star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier
• maintain blood-brain barrier
• create 3D framework
• repair damaged neural tissue
• guide neuron development
• control interstitial development

Question 4

oligodendrocytes

Answer 4

• glial cell type in the CNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in tracts
• neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain
• provide myelination
• increases speed of action potential

Question 5

microglia

Answer 5

• glial cell type in the CNS that serves as the resident component of the immune system
• macrophages that migrate through neural tissue and clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens

Question 6

satellite cells

Answer 6

• glial cell type in the PNS that provides support for neurons in the ganglia
• stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells

Question 7

schwann cells

Answer 7

• glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves
• neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the PNS

Question 8

synapse

Answer 8

• narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell
• one neuron communicating with another

Question 9

nodes of ranvier

Answer 9

• gap between two myelinated regions of an axon, allowing for strengthening of the electrical signal as it propagates down the axon

Question 10

myelin

Answer 10

• lipid-rich insulating substance surrounding the axons of many neurons, allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals
• layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons
• insulates some axons and gives “whitish” appearance
• made of adipose tissue
• increases speed of action potential

Question 11

white matter

Answer 11

• regions of the nervous system containing mostly myelinated axons, making the tissue appear white because of the high lipid content of the myelin
• areas with myelinated nerves

Question 12

gray matter

Answer 12

• regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called gray in contrast to white matter
• unmyelinated areas

Question 13

ganglia

Answer 13

• clusters of cell nerve bodies throughout the body
• part of PNS that carry nerve signals to and from the CNS
• clusters of cell bodies meant to save space

Question 14

neurotransmitter

Answer 14

• chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell
• signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells
• chemical messengers released from presynaptic membrane via exocytosis
• diffuse across the synaptic cleft and affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane
• broken down by enzymes and re-assembled at synaptic terminal