Chapter 12 - Tobacco And Smoking Flashcards
Models of addiction include:
- the moral model
- the medical model
- the biopsychosocial model
- the criminal model
- the harm reduction model
The process of dependency progresses in the following order:
- Experimentation
- Light Recreational Use
- Heavy Recreational Use
- Dependency
Tolerance is defined as the following 2 possibilities in the DSM-5:
- a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
- markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
Withdrawal is defined in the DSM-5 to be either of the following:
- the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance
* the same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
The CAGE acronym for assessing addiction stands for:
- cut down
- annoyed by others
- guilty for use
- eye-opener
Smoking is considered a cause of ___, especially among youth, and is highly related to an increase in ___ among adolescents
Depression
Anxiety
In 1965, ___% of the adult male population in Canada was smoking
61%
Smoking peaked in the USA in the 40’s and 50’s with about ___% of the adult male population smoking. It was as high as ___% in Britain during this period
67% USA
80% Britain
Smoking started by the ___ in the ___ century BCE
Mayans
1st century BCE
This individual is said to be responsible for the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to England
Sir Walter Raleigh
In 2015, ___% or ___ million Americans actively smoke.
15% or 36.5million
___ million Americans live with a smoking-related disease which equates to ___ billion dollars in medical costs per year
16 million
75 billion dollars
___ million brits smoke, and ___ million are ex smokers
10 million actively smoke
15 million ex smokers
Brits experience ___ deaths per year while Americans experience ___ deaths per year related to tobacco
120,000 brits
480,000 Americans
Worldwide, ___ billion people smoke, __ million deaths per year are attributable to smoking, and it causes ___ trillion dollars of economic damage per year
2 billion smoke
6 million die
1/2 trillion dollars in damage
Risk of dying from lung cancer is ___x higher for men and ___x higher for women who smoke
22x higher for men
12x higher for women
On average, men’s lives are cut short ___ years from smoking and women’s lives are cut ___ years short from smoking.
- 2 years of men
14. 5 years for women
The highest rate of smokers in the world is ___ with 76% of adults that smoke, and the lowest is ___ with 8.9%.
Indonesia highest
Ethiopia lowest
Royal college of physicians of the UK concluded that cigarette smoke may be a cause of lung cancer in ___
1962
Minister of Health in Canadian House of Commons announced smoking was linked to cancer in ___
1963
Surgeon General’s Warning came out in ___
1964
Canada experiences ___ deaths per year from smoking
45,000
Smoking accounts for at least ___% of all cancer deaths
30%
For countries that institute an advertising ban, smoking rates drop between ___% and ___%
Between 4% and 16%
In 2000, the EU spent ___€ on tobacco farming subsides and only ___€ on anti smoking campaigns
€984.5 million in subsidies
€64 million on anti smoking campaigns
In terms of genetics, family heredity scores account for about ___% to ___% for the risk of smoking
50% to 70%
Most cigarettes contain ___mg of nicotine, ___mg of which is inhaled
10mg
1-2mg
Peak levels of biological response to inhalation of cigarette smoke occurs within ___ to ___ seconds
7 to 10 seconds
The three main theories of smoking and their main concepts are:
Biological: nicotine is an addictive substance and it is rewarding to the brain
Psychological: smoking is a learned habit which is conditioned with pleasant associations, and is used as a stress reliever
Social: social reinforcement from peers helps continue the habit of smoking despite initial negative physiological consequences when beginning to smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy can have negative side effects, especially for:
Pregnant women and children
This type of smoking reduction method may use a ‘buddy system’
Social support and stress management
The American cancer society says that ___% of smokers quit cold turkey or by slowly lowering amounts (I.e. without smoking cessation aids)
91.4%
This drug is sometimes used for smoking cessation strategies and is a dopamine and norepinephrine reputable inhibiter:
Buproprian
This drug is brand labelled as Champix and is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial antagonist:
Varenicline
E-cigarettes were first developed in ___ in the year ___
China, 2003
An estimated ___ adults use e cigarettes in Great Britain
2.8 million
E-cigarettes may be dangerous because the influence it may have upon this demographic:
Young people
