Chapter 10 - Food, Diet, And Obesity

Question 1

Subcutaneous fat makes up ___% of body fat

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

Visceral fat makes up ___% of body fat and is fat found in the ___

Answer 2

20%

- The organs

Question 3

The foresight report claims that obesity is made up for 4 parts. These parts are:

Answer 3

Biology
Food
Society and the individual
Activities

Question 4

Your BMI must be greater than ___ in order to be considered overweight

Answer 4

25

Question 5

Your BMI must be greater than ___ in order to be considered obese

Answer 5

30

Question 6

Your BMI must be greater than ___ in order to be extremely obese

Answer 6

40

Question 7

___% of adults are obese

Answer 7

35.7%

Question 8

___% of adults are extremely obese

Answer 8

6.3%

Question 9

___% of men are overweight or obese

Answer 9

74%

Question 10

Obesity rates are about equal for both men and women at ___%

Answer 10

36%

Question 11

BMI is primarily used because it is cheap and accessible. These other forms of measurement should be used to determine adiposity throughout the body for more accurate measurements:

Answer 11

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
MRI
Measurement of leptin values

Question 12

By 2050 it is predicted that obesity will affect ___% of adult men, ___% of adult women and ___% of children in Britain

Answer 12

60% men, 50% women, 25% children

Question 13

The evolutionary hypothesis of obesity and hunger says that humans evolved to

Answer 13

adapt to a nomadic existence of hunting and gathering in which the body stored fat

Question 14

This feature of humans, according to the evolutionary hypothesis, allowed us survival and to store fats and proteins but now is a main cause for obesity

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

Agriculture, towns and villages began about _____ years ago

Answer 15

10,000

Question 16

Heritability scores of BMI are as high as ___% to ___%

Answer 16

61% to 80%

Question 17

The genetic predisposition to obesity is not a completely sufficient explanation because:

Answer 17

The human genome hasn’t altered for a few thousand years, yet obesity has been rising in the last few decades

Question 18

BMI is suggested to be mainly caused by:

Answer 18

Genetics

Question 19

The energy balance theory’s equation for energy intake is:

Answer 19

Energy intake = internal heat produced + external work + energy stored

Question 20

The Thermidorian effect of food is:

Answer 20

the energy expended in order to consume (bite, chew and swallow) and process (digest, transport, metabolize and store) food

Question 21

Fats are (more) or (less) likely to be burned off by the thermal effect than other parts of the food?

Answer 21

Less likely

Question 22

Almost all authorities subscribe to the dictum that obesity is
caused by eating too many calories (___) and failing to
burn enough calories off (___)

Answer 22

• Gluttony

- Sloth

Question 23

The energy balance theory is largely dominated obesity research for the last 50 years. Attempts to break the obesity pandemic with the energy balance theory concepts have been

Answer 23

Fruitless, a complete failure, and promotes victim-blaming and stigmatization

Question 24

Inactivity is a component of obesity but it’s:

Answer 24

unlikely that the obesity pandemic would ever be reversed by individuals increasing their daily amount of exercise, unless they also make major dietary changes

Question 25

The insulin theory claims that obesity is caused by:

Answer 25

a chronic elevation in insulin in a diet that contains too much carbohydrate

Question 26

The two suspect contents in food that are attributed to the insulin theory are:

Answer 26

Refined carbohydrates and sugars

Question 27

The more digestible carbs that we eat (higher ___ index) and the sweeter they are (higher ___ content) the higher our ___ ___ level goes and the more ___ we accumulate

Answer 27

- glycemic - fructose - blood insulin - fat

Question 28

WHO says in 2002 that sugars should make up less than ___% of our total energy intake, but new guidelines indicate that a reduction below ___% per day would be beneficial

Answer 28

10% | 5%

Question 29

5% of daily energy intake would look like ___ teaspoons of sugar per day. This is about ___ grams of sugar.

Answer 29

6 teaspoons | 25g

Question 30

The developmental hypothesis for obesity claims that obesity can start as early as

Answer 30

A fetus in the womb

Question 31

The amount of fat that unborn babies have is often ___ to the mothers ___.

Answer 31

Proportional | BMI

Question 32

Evidence exists that a causal relationship between parental food restriction and childhood overweight meaning that

Answer 32

Parents are inadvertently promoting weight gain by restricting feeding behaviours

Question 33

A 2-fold prevalence of obesity in children and adults who have a sleep duration that is:

Answer 33

Short

Question 34

Overweight and obese individuals are more likely to have this sleep disorder

Answer 34

Obstructive sleep apnea (osa)

Question 35

Conditioning and early experience theory of obesity claims that preferences for foods are modifiable in 4 ways:

Answer 35

- mere exposure - flavour-flavour learning (pairing a novel flavour with an already preferable flavour) - flavour-nutrient learning (flavours associated with nutrients are preferred) - taste aversion learning (becoming ill following a novel taste)

Question 36

The environment that promotes obesity is called:

Answer 36

The obesogenic environment

Question 37

From 1960 to 2010, caloric intake increased daily by ___%

Answer 37

17%

Question 38

___% of world food shares are processed foods

Answer 38

75%

Question 39

Producers have increased ___ and ___ in foods to make them more palatable

Answer 39

Sugar and salt

Question 40

Societal influences of obesity include the following three:

Answer 40

- The thin ideal - Body dissatisfaction - Stigmatization

Question 41

Body image concerns are so prevalent for young girls (as young as 5 years old) that they have been deemed ___

Answer 41

Normative

Question 42

Body dissatisfaction and depression are determined to be

Answer 42

Reciprocally caused

Question 43

BMI is higher for the following personality traits:

Answer 43

- high neuroticism - high extraversion - low conscientiousness

Question 44

For the people in the top 10% of the impulsivity personality trait, they weigh on average ___kg more

Answer 44

11kg

Question 45

Dietary guidelines are often influenced by:

Answer 45

Powerful agricultural interests and lobbying groups

Question 46

Potentially the best way to promote healthful eating is with:

Answer 46

Socially shared norms

Question 47

Vegetarians are at a ___% less risk of cardiovascular disease and a ___% chance of cancer

Answer 47

29% | 18%

Question 48

Drug therapies perpetuate the ___ model and impose a degree of ___ ___

Answer 48

- Medical model | - Learned helplessness

Question 49

The two major drugs for weight loss are:

Answer 49

Phentermine (appetite suppressant) | Orlistat (reduces amount of fat absorbed)

Question 50

Imposing legislation on food companies would be effective if:

Answer 50

healthy foods are more affordable and fatty foods and sugary drinks are less attractive

Question 51

The three macronutrients that have been linked to overweight and obesity are:

Answer 51

- fats - sugars - proteins

Question 52

High fructose corn syrup accounts for ___% of sweetness used in the USA which equates to ___kg per person per year

Answer 52

40% | 27kg