Chapter 11 - Alcohol Flashcards
Alcohol is banned in many countries worldwide with populations mostly consisting of this religion:
Muslim
American prohibition ran from:
1920-1934
Beginning around 1826 in the USA, temperance societies promoted the view that:
alcohol is an addictive substance and that alcoholics are
essentially helpless victims of a disease of addiction
A group similar to but predates Alcoholics Anonymous is the:
Washingtonians
The temperance movement, AA and the standard medical model state that this is the only way to be cured:
Complete abstinence
UK millennium cohort study reported that ___% of 11 year olds had reported being drunk
1.2%
UK millennium cohort study reported that ___% of 11 year olds had reported having had 5 or more drinks in a single episode
0.6%
High levels of consumption exist in former ___ countries.
Socialist
If starting to drink at or before age 14 lifetime dependence rates are at ___%, whereas they drop to ___% if drinking starts at or after age 20
40%
10%
The disease model says that a person must completely abstain to be cured of alcoholism. The USA medical profession is highly influenced by this group who perpetuates this model:
Alcoholics Anonymous
This feminist pushed for prohibition in Canada and the USA, and for women’s suffrage
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement
Women received the right to vote provincially first with Manitoba in ___ and finally in quebec in ___.
1916
1940
In 2007 the World Health Organisation estimated that
___% of global mortality and ___% of disease was
attributable to alcohol
- 7%
4. 4%
The global burden of disease from alcohol is as low as ___% in the poorest countries and as high as ___% in former socialist countries
- 3%
12. 1%
In the EU, young people aged 15-29, alcohol is estimated to lead to ___% of male mortality and ___% of female mortality. These numbers are likely understated because:
25%
10%
They exclude social harm that could be related to alcohol use
In the British system of informal measurement one unit is ___gm of alcohol
8g
Moderate drinking is considered to be an average daily consumption of ___ units per day for men, ___ units for women. Anything less than half of these values is considered light drinking.
3 units for men
2 units for women
Heavy drinking is considered to be an average daily consumption of ___ units per day for men, ___ units for women
7 units for men
5 units for women
Binge drinking is defined as having ___ units in one session for males and ___ units in one session for females
5 for men
4 for women
In Canada, the limits for moderate drinking are still at 3 units for men, and 2 units for women per day. However, it’s also defined by a weekly consumption limit of ___ units for men and ___ units for women
15 per week for men
10 per week for women
Alcohol is responsible for as much as ___% of all cancers in men and ___% in women
10%
3%
Alcohol is responsible for as much as ___% of aerodigestive tract cancers in men and ___% in women
44%
25%
Alcohol is responsible for as much as ___% of liver cancers in men and ___% in women
33%
18%
Alcohol is responsible for as much as ___% of colorectum cancers in men and ___% in women
17%
4%
Alcohol is responsible for as much as ___% of breast cancers
5%
___% of US males are codependent on alcohol and tobacco. These effects are dangerous because they’re not just additive, they’re ___ for cancer of the oesophagus
- 7%
- Multiplicative (or synergistic)
___% of drivers killed within one hour of an accident tested positive for alcohol
39.7%
Physical illnesses related to alcohol include:
liver cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, various cancers
Despite some evidence that light drinking in early pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of miscarriage, the evidence linking linking moderate levels of alcohol consumption to fetal damage is inconsistent. Still, Canada takes this approach to drinking while pregnant:
Avoid alcohol altogether
FASD facial features are mainly marked by these 3 features:
- Small eyes
- Smooth philtrum
- Thin Upper lip
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder accounts for ___% of all young offenders appearing in court in Saskatchewan
50%
For individuals with Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, between 12 and 21 years of age:
– ___% will have mental health problems;
– ___% will have “disrupted school experience”;
– ___% will experience trouble with the law;
– ___% will be confined in prison, drug or alcohol treatment centre or mental institution;
– ___% will exhibit inappropriate sexual behaviour
– 95% will have mental health problems;
– 68% will have “disrupted school experience”;
– 68% will experience trouble with the law;
– 55% will be confined in prison, drug or alcohol treatment centre or mental institution;
– 52% will exhibit inappropriate sexual behaviour
A large number of studies have reported a ___ shaped function between alcohol consumption and heart disease with light and moderate drinkers at lower risk than non-drinkers
J
The J shaped function of alcohol benefits might be skewed because:
Individuals who do not drink include many who already have poor health and are instructed not to consume alcohol
Most causes of alcoholism are likely ___ with only a ___% to ___% probability if heritability
Environmental
30%-36%
Physiological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include:
Tremors, sweating, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, convulsions and can even be fatal
These two individuals perpetuated the idea physiological addiction and dependence which can only be treated by lifelong abstinence
Benjamin rush and Thomas trotter
Learning theories of problem drinking consider low consumption to be ___ with a fast onset. High consumption which leads to social problems has a slower onset and it is less likely to form an ___. This term is called the ___.
- Positively reinforced
- Associated
- gradient of reinforcement
WHO acknowledges that 50% of the worlds alcohol is consumed by the top ___% of consumers. 30% of the alcohol is consumed by ___% of people.
10%
3%
Alcohol problem specialists are nearly unanimous in their support for the ___ approach for reducing consumption
Population-based approach
Policies to reduce consumption include:
– higher levels of taxation on alcoholic drinks
– restrictions on advertising and sponsorship
– limiting opening hour for bars
– imposing tight controls on which stores can sell alcohol and the
hours during which they can do so
The alcohol industry most supports the following model:
Disease model perpetuated by Alcoholics Anonymous
The ___ clinic in Vancouver doesn’t require abstinence for their treatment program
Alavida
Miller et al. (2001) analysed data from seven large studies
looking at how people fared during the year after treatment for alcoholism:
• 1 in __ clients were abstinent
• 1 in __ used alcohol moderately without problems
• The remaining two thirds made significant improvements on
average, reducing their overall alcohol consumption by __%
- 1 in 4 clients were abstinent
- 1 in 10 used alcohol moderately without problems
- The remaining two thirds made significant improvements on average, reducing their overall alcohol consumption by 87%
Motivational interviewing is a type of treatment that offers clients the option of:
abstinence or a return to normal levels of drinking
There is a lot of evidence that the following treatment types are most effective for alcohol treatment:
- Brief interventions (such as those given by a GP encouraging to reduce consumption)
- motivational interviewing
- CBT
