Chapter 12 - The Skeleton Flashcards
What are long bones?
The bones in the body which consist of a shaft containing a marrow cavity of yellow marrow and enlarged ends containing spongy bone filled with red marrow.
What are some examples of long bones?
- femur
- humerus
- tibia
- metacarpals
What are short bones?
Cube shaped bones that give strength with reduced movement.
What are some examples of short bones?
- carpals
- tarsals
What are flat bones?
Broad, flat plates that provide protection and a surface for the attachment of muscles.
What are some examples of flat bones?
- skull
- scapula
What are irregular bones?
Bones that are not long, short or broad.
What are some examples of irregular bones?
- vertebrae
- facial bones
- mandible
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
- the main portion of the bone
- hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounded by the cavity
What is the epiphyses of a long bone?
- enlarged ends or the bone
What is the articular cartilage of a long bone?
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers each epiphyses
What is the cavity of a long bone?
- used for fat storage (yellow marrow)
What is the periosteum of a long bone?
- the dense white fibrous covering over the surface of the diaphysis
Where does red blood cell production occur in the bone?
- red blood marrow (in the epiphyses)
What are the functions of bone?
- support
- framework for movement
- protection
- production of blood cells
- storage of minerals
- endocrine regulation
What are the types of joints?
- cartilaginous joints (slightly movable)
- synovial joints (freely movable)
- fixed joints (immovable)
What are the types of synovial joints?
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- gliding
- saddle
- condyloid
What are the characteristics of fixed joints?
- allow no movement between bones
- the bones are held together with fibrous connective tissue
What are some examples of fixed joints?
- sutures of the skull
- teeth in their sockets
What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
- joints made up of bones which are connected to each other by pads of cartilage and which can only move a small amount.
What are some examples of cartilaginous joints?
- joints between the vertebrae
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
- movable joint containing a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid
- allow a lot of movement between the bones
- found predominantly in limbs where mobility is important
- ligaments help provide their stability and muscles contract to produce movement
What are some examples of synovial joints?
- knee
- hip
What are some examples of ball and socket joints?
- hip
- shoulder
What are some examples of hinge joints?
- knee
- elbow
What are some examples of pivot joints?
- radius and ulna
- atlas and axis
What are some examples of gliding joints?
- between carpal bones and tarsal bones
- between the sternum and clavicle
- between the scapula and clavicle
What are some examples of saddle joints?
- thumb
What is flexion?
When the angle between the articulating bone decreases.
What is extension?
When the angle between the articulating bone increases.
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body.
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body.
What is rotation?
The movement of a bone around its long axis.
What are joints?
The site at which two or more bones meet.
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
- bones that make up the central axis of the body
- cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
- bones of the upper and lower limbs (arms and legs)
- pectoral and pelvis girdles
