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Human Biology - Unit 1 > Chapter 12 - The Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - The Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What are long bones?

A

The bones in the body which consist of a shaft containing a marrow cavity of yellow marrow and enlarged ends containing spongy bone filled with red marrow.

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2
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A
  • femur
  • humerus
  • tibia
  • metacarpals
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3
Q

What are short bones?

A

Cube shaped bones that give strength with reduced movement.

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4
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A
  • carpals

- tarsals

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5
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Broad, flat plates that provide protection and a surface for the attachment of muscles.

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6
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A
  • skull

- scapula

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7
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Bones that are not long, short or broad.

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8
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A
  • vertebrae
  • facial bones
  • mandible
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9
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A
  • the main portion of the bone

- hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounded by the cavity

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10
Q

What is the epiphyses of a long bone?

A
  • enlarged ends or the bone
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11
Q

What is the articular cartilage of a long bone?

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers each epiphyses
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12
Q

What is the cavity of a long bone?

A
  • used for fat storage (yellow marrow)
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13
Q

What is the periosteum of a long bone?

A
  • the dense white fibrous covering over the surface of the diaphysis
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14
Q

Where does red blood cell production occur in the bone?

A
  • red blood marrow (in the epiphyses)
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15
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • support
  • framework for movement
  • protection
  • production of blood cells
  • storage of minerals
  • endocrine regulation
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16
Q

What are the types of joints?

A
  • cartilaginous joints (slightly movable)
  • synovial joints (freely movable)
  • fixed joints (immovable)
17
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • ball and socket
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • gliding
  • saddle
  • condyloid
18
Q

What are the characteristics of fixed joints?

A
  • allow no movement between bones

- the bones are held together with fibrous connective tissue

19
Q

What are some examples of fixed joints?

A
  • sutures of the skull

- teeth in their sockets

20
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • joints made up of bones which are connected to each other by pads of cartilage and which can only move a small amount.
21
Q

What are some examples of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • joints between the vertebrae
22
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A
  • movable joint containing a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid
  • allow a lot of movement between the bones
  • found predominantly in limbs where mobility is important
  • ligaments help provide their stability and muscles contract to produce movement
23
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints?

A
  • knee

- hip

24
Q

What are some examples of ball and socket joints?

A
  • hip

- shoulder

25
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A
  • knee

- elbow

26
Q

What are some examples of pivot joints?

A
  • radius and ulna

- atlas and axis

27
Q

What are some examples of gliding joints?

A
  • between carpal bones and tarsal bones
  • between the sternum and clavicle
  • between the scapula and clavicle
28
Q

What are some examples of saddle joints?

A
  • thumb
29
Q

What is flexion?

A

When the angle between the articulating bone decreases.

30
Q

What is extension?

A

When the angle between the articulating bone increases.

31
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline of the body.

32
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement towards the midline of the body.

33
Q

What is rotation?

A

The movement of a bone around its long axis.

34
Q

What are joints?

A

The site at which two or more bones meet.

35
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A
  • bones that make up the central axis of the body

- cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

36
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A
  • bones of the upper and lower limbs (arms and legs)

- pectoral and pelvis girdles

Human Biology - Unit 1 (12 decks)

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