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Biology 1406 Exam 3 > Chapter 12 terms > Flashcards

Chapter 12 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus of a cell
Occurs in somatic cells only
Is coupled with another process called cytokinesis

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2
Q

meiosis

A

a special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells

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3
Q

genome

A

All the DNA in a cell
can consist of a single DNA molecule (common in prokaryotic cells) or a number of DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells)

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4
Q

chromatin

A

The DNA in cells that are not actively dividing

DNA and proteins loosely bound in nucleus

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

Chromatin molecules in a cell are packaged into this once cell division begins

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6
Q

gametes

A

(sex cells; sperm and ovum)

    • Have one set of chromosomes (haploid)
    • Human gametes have 23 chromosomes
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7
Q

somatic cells

A

(all non-sex cells)

    • Have two sets of chromosomes (diploid)
    • Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes
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8
Q

ploidy

A

the number of chromosome sets in a cell

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9
Q

haploid

A

one set of chromosomes per cell (N)

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10
Q

diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes per cell
humans: haploid # = 23; diploid # = 46 or 23 homologous pairs
(2N)

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11
Q

cohesins

A

Attaches duplicated chromosomes’ two sister chromatids along their lengths

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12
Q

centromere

A

is the narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

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13
Q

replicated chromosome

A

In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

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14
Q

sister chromatid

A

Each duplicated chromosome has two of these (joined copies of the original chromosome), attached along their lengths by cohesins

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process by which the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells (occurs during telophase of mitosis)
(the division of the cell)
–couples with mitosis

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16
Q

cleavage

A

process animals undergo that begins with the formation of a contractile ring that constricts the cell at the midline forming an indentation
-cytokinesis occurs by this

17
Q

cleavage furrow

A

indentation formed by contractile ring that constricts cell at midline in cleavage process

18
Q

cell plate

A

forms during cytokinesis
-precursor structure to the cell wall formed by plants beginning to recruit cell wall materials to the middle of the cell

19
Q

cell cycle

A 
the series of events that prepare a cell for division and also the division process itself
G1 “first gap”
S-phase “synthesis” 
G2 “second gap”
M-phase “mitotic phase”
20
Q

interphase

A

(cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
consists of G1, S-phase, and G2

21
Q

mitotic spindle

A

a collection microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

22
Q

centrosome

A

the microtubule organizing center

-In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in this

23
Q

aster

A

a radial array of short microtubules

24
Q

kinetochores

A

protein complexes that are connected to centromeres

25
Q

metaphase plate

A

midline of the cell

The replicated chromosomes are being directed towards this in prometaphase

26
Q

daughter cells

A

Most cell division results in daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA

27
Q

binary fission

A

Bacteria and other prokaryotes reproduce through this process
(division in half)

28
Q

cell cycle control system

A

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system

29
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M phase checkpoint

30
Q

cyclins

A

type of regulatory protein involved in cell cycle control

31
Q

cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)

A

type of regulatory protein involved in cell cycle control

- The activity of a Cdk rises and falls with changes in concentration of its cyclin partner

32
Q

maturation-promoting factor (MPF)

A

is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

Biology 1406 Exam 3 (7 decks)

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