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Biology 1406 Exam 3 > Chapter 12 Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is it important that cells can divide?

A
    • To allow for normal growth and development in multi-celled organisms
    • To replace damaged, destroyed or old cells in multi-celled organisms
    • To produce the sex cells required for sexual reproduction
    • To reproduce entire organisms (single celled organisms)
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2
Q

Which type of division allows for normal growth and development and the replacement of old or damaged cells?

A

mitosis

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3
Q

Which type of division produces sex cells?

A

meiosis

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4
Q

Which type of division allows for bacteria to divide?

A

binary fission

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5
Q

Does a genome consist of one DNA molecule? Multiple DNA molecules? Or does it depend on the organism?

A

Depends on organism
Prokaryote - single
Eukaryote - multiple

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6
Q

When and why is chromatin converted into chromosomes?

A

once cell division begins, DNA in cells that are not actively dividing is in the form of chromatin

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7
Q

What are the difference between gametes and somatic cells?

A

Gametes (sex cells; sperm and ovum)

  • Have one set of chromosomes (haploid)
  • Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

Somatic cells (all non-sex cells)

  • Have two sets of chromosomes (diploid)
  • Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes
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8
Q

What is the haploid and diploid number for humans?

A

haploid - 23

diploid - 46

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9
Q

Are the two chromosomes in a homologous pair similar or identical?

A

similar

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10
Q

Are the two sister chromatids in a replicated chromosome similar or identical?

A

identical

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11
Q

Know how to identify the features of a replicated chromosome from an image

A

?

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12
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle and what happens during each phase?

A

–Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
-G1 (~5-6hrs)- cell is growing and reproducing cell contents other than DNA
-S-phase (~10-12 hrs.)- DNA is copied (DNA replication)
-G2 (~4-6hrs.)- cell is checking for DNA copy errors
–Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and is broken down into five stages:
-Prophase
-prometaphase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
-Cytokinesis is the process by which the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells (occurs during telophase of mitosis)

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13
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle takes the longest?

A

S-Phase

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14
Q

What types of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Single celled eukaryotes

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15
Q

How many cells are produced during mitosis?

A

2

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16
Q

What is the ploidy of the cells produced in mitosis?

A

4

17
Q

Are the daughter cells produced in mitosis genetically identical or genetically different?

A

identical

18
Q

Know how to identify each stage of mitosis from an image and the order each stage occurs

A 
Prophase
prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
19
Q

Know which stage of mitosis cytokinesis occurs

A

Telophase

20
Q

Know the difference between animal and plant cell cytokinesis

A

Animals undergo a process called cleavage which begins with the formation of a contractile ring that constricts the cell at the midline forming an indentation called a cleavage furrow
Plants begin recruiting cell wall materials to the middle of the cell, which forms precursor structure to the cell wall called a cell plate

21
Q

Know what the mitotic spindle is (what does it consist of? What role does it play during mitosis? How does it function during mitosis?

A

a collection microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

22
Q

Know what binary fission is (which cells undergo it? The basic steps?)

A

In binary fission, the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
The plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two
–Bacteria and other prokaryotes

23
Q

Know how the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled

a. Where are the checkpoints?
b. Know what role do cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), and maturation promoting factor (MPF) play during cell cycle regulation

A

–The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system
–G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M phase checkpoint
–regulatory proteins that are involved in cell cycle control
-The activity of a Cdk rises and falls with changes in concentration of its cyclin partner
-MPF (maturation-promoting factor) is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

Biology 1406 Exam 3 (7 decks)

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