Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Abnormal behavior
Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
Deviant
Abnormal behavior that is deviant from what is acceptable in a culture
Maladaptive
Behavior or characteristic that disrupts the person’s ability to lead a satisfying life, interfering with their ability to function effectively in the world
Personally distressful
The person engaging in the behavior finds it troubling.
Biological approach
Attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes. This perspective primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitters functioning as sources of abnormality
Medical model
The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin
Psychological approach
Emphasizes the contribution of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders
sociocultural approach
Emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives and characteristics, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture
Biopsychosocial approach
From this perspective, biological, social, and psychological factors are all significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior
Vulnerability stress hypothesis (diathesis-stress model
A theory holding that preexisting conditions (genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, experiences, and so on) put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder
DSM-5
The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5 (DSM-5), 5th ed; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States
ICD-10
Internal classification of diseases and related problems (ICD-10). Includes a chapter on mental health disorders. Created by the WHO.
Comorbidity
The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person. The conditions are referred to as “comorbid”
Risk factors
Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder
Psychotherapy
A non medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Characterized by two key features: 1. People with ASD show persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across a variety of settings. 2. People with ASD show restrictive, repetitive behaviors, interest, and activities
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity
Anxiety disorders
Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature in motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reason for the anxiety
Panic disorder
Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onset of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause
Specific phobia
A psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
Social anxiety disorder
An intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Disorder in which the individual has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to preform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster
Dissociative disorders
Psychological disorder that involve a sudden loss of memory or change of identity due to the dissociation (seperation) of the individuals conscious awareness from previous memories, thoughts, emotions
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships
Depressive disorders
Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression-an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks. Some symptoms include lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities, sleep dysregulation , sadness, lethargy, weight gain or loss, ect.
Bipolar disorder
Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern
Binge eating disorder (BED)
Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
Schizophrenia
Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering form schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality
Psychosis
A state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli
Delusions
False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture
Referential thinking
Ascribing personal meanings to completely random events
Catatonia
State of immobilizes or unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time
Flat affect
The display of little or no emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia
Personality disorders
Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality
Personality disorders
Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Psychological disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
Biological factors in suicide
- Parents or close relatives who have committed suicide. 2. Low levels of serotonin (increased chance by 10x) 3. Poor physical health
Psychological factors in suicide
Psychological disorder, traumatic experiences, immediatly stressful experiences such as loss of loved one, unwanted pregnancy, or loss of employment, childhood bullying, and substance abuse
Sociocultural factors in suicide
Economic hardship, poverty, native americas/Alaskan natives commit suicide at a higher rate (also have higher levels of alcohol abuse), men are more likely to die by suicide, women are more likely to make suicide attempts
