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COMD 3400 > Chapter 12: Psychoacoustics > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Psychoacoustics Flashcards

1
Q

psychophysics

A

perception of the physical world

the study of the relationship between the physical world and the perceptual world across all of the senses: hearing, taste, vision, smell, and touch

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2
Q

psychoacoustician

A

someone who studies human response to sound

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3
Q

psychoacoustics

A

the study of the relationship between the acoustic world and our auditory image of this world.

the study of human response to sound; the study of the relationship between the acoustic stimuli and the sensation and perception of these stimuli

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4
Q

sensation

A

the awareness of an external stimulus or some change in the body caused by an external stimulus.

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5
Q

psychophysical measurement

A

measurements of sensation.
sound/visual image are presented to a
person
response to stimuli are called judgments

the measurement of sensation caused by a physical stimulus

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6
Q

trained listener

A

a human listener who has been trained to listen to a specific stimulus and is, in general, more sensitive to specific changes in the stimulus than an untrained listener.

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7
Q

loudness

A

the property of sound that allows sounds to be ordered on a scale extending from quiet (soft) to loud; loudness depends mainly on the intensity of sound.

Loudness is affected by duration if a sound is shorter than about 200ms

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8
Q

judgment

A

a human response to a test stimulus

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9
Q

threshold

A

the point at which the intensity level of a stimulus is just large enough to cause a change in the mental response of a person affected by the stimulus.

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum value of a stimulus that elicits a specific ration a certain percentage of the time (usually 50%)

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11
Q

detection threshold

sensory threshold

A

the lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be detected a specific percentage of the time usually 50%

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12
Q

recognition threshold

cognitive threshold

A

the lowest intensity of a stimulus at which the stimulus can be recognized a specific percentage of time, usually 50%

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13
Q

terminal threshold

A

the threshold indicating the maximum value of a stimulus that elicits a given response (e.g., the terminal threshold for auditory sensation is the maximum intensity level at which response is perceived as a sound intended of pain.

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14
Q 
difference threshold
  difference limen (DL)
A

the smallest physical difference between two stimuli in which an observer can determine that the two stimulations are perceptually different; also known as just noticeable difference (jud)

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15
Q

YN (yes no) technique

A

a threshold testing technique in which the listener is given a number of trials with some of them containing a signal and some of them hot containing a signal and the listener is asked to respond “yes” or “no” at each trail.

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16
Q

N-Alternative Forced Choice (nAFC)

A

a technique for determining threshold in which a listener is presented with a number (n) of observation intervals, one of which contains a signal, and the listener must select the interval that contained the signal.

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17
Q

Weber’s Law

A

a general property of human perception that the smallest perceived change in stimulus intensity is proportional to the stimulus magnitude.

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18
Q

psychophysical methods

(3)

A

all of the variations of the YN and nAFC techniques originate from three classic psychophysical methods

1) Method of limits
2) Method of constant (random) stimuli
3) method of adjustment

19
Q

Method of limits

A

a psychophysical method of threshold determination in which a stimulus is gradually increased and decreased by an examiner until the threshold has been obtained

20
Q

Method of constant (random) stimuli

A

selected signals are presented in random order
the threshold is the 50% response level.
time consuming and generally reserved for research studies.

a psychophysical method of threshold determination in which the value of the stimulus in individual trials is determined at random.

21
Q

Method of adjustment

A

a psychophysical method of threshold determination in which a listener manually adjusts test stimuli in a series of trails until the threshold has been determined.

22
Q

Method of adjustment

A

a psychophysical method of threshold determination in which a listener manually adjusts test stimuli in a series of trails until the threshold has been determined.

23
Q

psychophysical scale

A

the relationship between HUMAN REACTIONS and PHYSICAL STIMULI causing the reactions
(e.g.,) the relationship between sound intensity and sound loudness

24
Q

psychophysical function

A

illustrates the relationship between the stimulus magnitude and the sensation magnitude.

25
Q

Hearing area

auditory response area

A

the range of perceived intensities across frequency from the lowest intensity sound a human can perceive to the threshold of pain and from the lowest to highest frequency humans can hear.

26
Q

DL for intensity

DL(I)

A

the smallest perceivable change in sound intensity.

varies from about .5 dB to 3.0 dB, depending on the sounds and listening environment

27
Q

Phon

A

unit of loudness

reference point fr the Phon scale is 1000 Hz at various sound pressure levels.

28
Q

equal loudness curve

A

connects points of equal loudness across frequency

29
Q

Loudness scale

A

a psychophysical scale in which the loudness of sound is quantified as a function of sound intensity; an example of the loudness scale is the sone scale.

30
Q

Sone scale

A

the most common loudness scale

one Sone is the loudness of 100 Hz tone with an intensity of 40 dB SPL

31
Q

Pitch

A

the property of sound that allows sound to be ordered on a scale extending from low too high.

if sound frequency changes by a perceptible amount, the perception is a change in pitch.

it is also possible for a change in intensity to SOUND like a change in pitch.

32
Q

Mel scale

A

scale relating frequency and pitch

33
Q

Masking

A

the ability of one sound (the masker) to completely block out or to decrease the audibility of another sound (Maskee)

34
Q

Simultaneous masking

A

when two sounds arrive together

Wegel and Lane (1924) performed a tone-on-tone masking experiment and demonstrated some principles of masking for tonal stimuli.
(NOTES 188)

35
Q

Temporal masking

(2)

A

Forward Masking- the masker is presented slightly BEFORE the signal

Backward masking-the masker is presented slightly AFTER the signal.

36
Q

Critical band phenomenon

A

when a pure tone is masked by a band of noise and the bandwidth of the noise is increased (keeping spectrum level constant), the masked threshold will increase until the bandwidth reaches a certain width, but will remain constant if the bandwidth is increased beyond that point.

37
Q

timber

A

the perception associated with sound complexity.
Examples of scales of timber:
sharpness (sharp-dull)
brightness (dark-bright)

38
Q

sound quality

A

the property of sound that allows us to scale sound along EMOTIONAL SCALES)
Examples
pleasantness
annoyance

39
Q

Spatial hearing

Auditory localization

A

the process of judging the direction of an incoming sound. It depends on:

- binaural cues
- monaural cues
 - head movements
 - familiarity with the sound source
40
Q

binaural cues

A

Interaural Intensity differences (IID)

Interaural Time differences (ITD)

41
Q

monaural cues

A

directional cures resulting from sound reflections and diffractions around the ridges of the pinnae and upper torso

42
Q

head movements and familiarity

A

moving the head during continuous sounds can assist in locating a sound.

a person who is familiar with a specific sound can more easily determine there direction and distance of sound,

43
Q

Binaural hearing

A

important for speech

2-3 dB improvement

44
Q

Lateralization

A

Identifying the location of a sound within the head is called lateralization
when listening via earphones, the use of IID’s and ITD’s creates the illusion that the sound source is located in various locations within the head.

COMD 3400 (13 decks)

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