Chapter 12 Parenting & Culture

Question 1

What roles do parents/caretakers play?

Answer 1

1. Direct instructioners
2. Indirect socializers
3. Social Managers

Question 2

Family structure

Answer 2

the number of and relationships among the people living in a household

Question 3

3 (debated/concerned) family structures

Answer 3

1. same-sex parents
2. Divorced parents
3. Step-parents

Question 4

Biggest changes to family structures in past 50 years?

Answer 4

• More lone parents/unmarried parents
• More secondary caregivers (grandparents)
• Smaller families
• Family structures more ‘fluid’ (prone to change)

Question 5

Divorce affect on children

Answer 5

• Greater risk for variety of problems
• like poorer relationships, lower satisfaction with support from friends
• painful emotional trauma
• can be positive if parents’ marriage was characterized by high levels of conflict

Question 6

family dynamics

Answer 6

the way in which family members interact through various relationships: mother with each child, father with each child, etc

Question 7

discipline

Answer 7

the set of strategies and behaviour parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately

Question 8

Internalization

Answer 8

effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in the child’s behaviour because the child has learned and accepted the desired behaviour

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

a negative stimulus that follows an unwanted behaviour to reduce its occurrence

Question 10

Baumrinds 4 parenting styles

Answer 10

1. Authoritative
2. Authoritarian
3. Permissive
4. Uninvolved

Question 11

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 11

parenting style that is high in demandingness and supportiveness. Setting clear standards and limits and are firm about enforcing them; at the same time, they allow considerable autonomy within those limits, are attentive and responsive to their children and consider their perspective.

Question 12

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 12

a parenting style that is high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. Authoritarian parents are nonresponsive to their children’s needs and tend to enforce their demands through the exercise of parental power and the use of threats and punishment. They are oriented towards obedience and authority and expect their children to comply with their demands without question or explanation.

Question 13

Permissive Parenting

Answer 13

a parenting style that is high in responsiveness but low in demandingness. Permissive parents are responsive to their children’s needs and do not require their children to regulate themselves or act in appropriate/mature ways

Question 14

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 14

a parenting style that is low in both demandingness and responsiveness to their children; in other words, the parents are generally disengaged.

Question 15

Bidirectionality of parent-child interactions

Answer 15

the idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another’s characteristics and behaviours

Question 16

SLC6A4 Gene affect

Answer 16

this allele of the specific serotonin transmitter (SLC6A4) makes children especially responsive to their rearing environment, whether it be warming responsive parenting or cold and demanding…

Question 17

Greater time in childcare affect

Answer 17

-for low income high risk families the greater time in childcare is related to increased risk for adjustment problems later on

Question 18

Cognitive affects of childcare

Answer 18

unless very bad childcare, it provides greater cognitive stimulation than is available in low income homes

Question 19

How many Canadian children live in poverty?

Answer 19

1/5 of Canadian children live in poverty