Chapter 10 emotional development

Question 1

5 Components of emotions

Answer 1

1. Neural responses
2. Physiological factors
3. Subjective feelings
4. Emotional expressions
5. The desire to take action

Question 2

Emotions

Answer 2

neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, cognition related to those feelings, and the desire to take action.

Question 3

Discrete emotions theory

Answer 3

a theory about emotions, held by Tomkins, Izard, and others, in which emotions are viewed an innate and discreet from one another from very early in life, and each emotion is believed to be packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions (emotions are innate)

Question 4

Functionalist perspective

Answer 4

a theory of emotion, proposed by Campos and others, arguing that basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving goal. In this view, emotions are not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment.

Question 5

Social Smiles

Answer 5

smiles that are directed at people (by babies); they first emerge as early as 6-7 weeks of age.

Question 6

When do babies smile primarily at familiar people?

Answer 6

Around 7-8 months of age

Question 7

When does fear begin to emerge?

Answer 7

Around 6 or 7 months of age, most notably the fear of strangers in many circumstances. (Lasts till about 2 years of age, but is quite variable)

Question 8

Seperation Anxiety

Answer 8

feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached. (emerges at about 8 months)

Question 9

When does anger peak in children?

Answer 9

around 18-24 (2 years) of age. But increases at home with their families as they get older.

Question 10

What emotion is typically paired with sadness?

Answer 10

Anger

Question 11

Self conscious emotions

Answer 11

emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our send of self and our consciousness of others’ reactions to us. (thought to be innate and emerge around 2 years of age)

Question 12

Difference between guilt and shame?

Answer 12

• Guilt is associated with empathy for others and involves feelings of remorse/regret, as well as desire to undo.
• Shame does not seem to be related to concern about others, the focus is on oneself.

Question 13

6 Basic emotions

Answer 13

• Happiness
• Anger
• Sadness
• Surprise
• Disgust
• Fear

Question 14

Social referencing

Answer 14

the use of a parent’s or other adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations

Question 15

Emotional intelligence

Answer 15

the ability to cognitively process information about emotions and to use that information to guide both thought and behaviour.

Question 16

Display rules

Answer 16

a social group’s informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotions should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions.

Question 17

Emotion regulation

Answer 17

a set of both conscious and unconscious processes used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

Question 18

Co-regulation

Answer 18

the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her stress

Question 19

Self-comforting behaviour

Answer 19

Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation

Question 20

Self-distraction

Answer 20

Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one’s level of arousal

Question 21

Social Competence

Answer 21

the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others.

Question 22

Temperament

Answer 22

individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus thought to be genetically based

Question 23

3 temperament groups (Thomas and Chess)

Answer 23

1. Easy babies: adjusted readily to new situations, quickly established daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm.
2. Difficult babies: slow to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to novel stimuli and events, and were irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions
3. Slow-to-warm-up babies: somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time as they had repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations.

Question 24

Rates in temperament groups (Thomas and Chess)

Answer 24

-40% of infants were classified easy
-10% as difficult
-15% as slow to warm up
(the rest didn’t fit the categories)

Question 25

Mary Rothbarts 5 key dimensions of temperament

Answer 25

1. Fear
2. Distress/Anger/Frustration
3. Attention Span
4. Activity level
5. Smiling and Laughter

Question 26

Goodness of fit

Answer 26

the degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

Question 27

Differential susceptibility

Answer 27

a circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive

Question 28

Emotion socialization

Answer 28

the process through which children acquire the knowledge, values, standards, skills and behaviours that are regarded was appropriate for their social context

Question 29

Mental health

Answer 29

children’s sense of well-being both internally and externally

Question 30

Stress

Answer 30

a physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment

Question 31

Mental disorders

Answer 31

a state of having problems with emotional reactions to their environment and with social relationships in ways that affect daily life

Question 32

Equifinality

Answer 32

the concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder

Question 33

Multifinality

Answer 33

the concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder