CH9 theories of social dvlpmnt Flashcards
How are theories useful ?(4points)
- Gives meaning to details
- Helps choose a direction
- Can be flexible
- Improve with time & evidence
Theories are like…
Maps
4 Different theories of social development
- Psychoanalytic theories
- Learning theories
- Theories of social cognition
- Ecological theories of evolution
Tinbergen’s evolutionary levels of analysis for social development (4 questions)
- (mechanism) How does social dev happen
- (Development) What causes social dev over lifespan
- (Function) What adaptive role does social dev serve
- (Evolutionary) How did social dev evolve in humans vs other animals
Psychoanalytic Theories (4 levels)
- Mechanistic: motivated to satisfy basic (subconscious) psychosexual drives (the ID)
- Developmental: biological maturation form one drive to the next, & crises (Erikson)
- Functional: ID/EGO/Superego each have mental function; combine for ‘healthy’ investment in love & work
- Evolutionary: drives are fundamental, but not explained or compared to other animals
Learning Theories (4 levels)
- M: behaviour shaped by reinforcement, ‘black boxes’ the mind (Watson/Skinner); & social observation & imitation (Bandura)
- D: personal history of reinforcement (Watson/Skinner); & observation & experience
- F: (implied) become adult-like, gain-knowledge, adjust to world
- E: learning mechanisms are assumed to exist; origins unexplained, no x-species comparisons
Social Cognition theories (4 levels)
- M: active learning via thoughts, feelings, motives, behaviours
- D: self-socialization, active shaping of own environment built on own experience
- F: active participant as an infant/child & adult
- E: depends on the theory…
Psychic energy
Freud’s term for the collection of biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuel behaviour, thoughts, and feelings
Erogenous Zones
In Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
ID
In psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
Oral stage
The first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the 1st year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
Ego
In psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of the personality.
Anal stage
The second stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from the 2nd through the 3rd year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
Phallic Stage
The third stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
Superego
In psychoanalytic theory( the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
Internalization
The process of adopting as ones owns own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person.
Oedipus Complex
Freud’s terms for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of realization by father
Electra Complex
Freud’s terms for the conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unnacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival
Latency Period
The fourth stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse is a major goal
8 stages of psychosocial development (Erickson)
Name first 5
- Basic trust vs Mistrust (1st year)
- Autonomy vs Shame & doubt (1-3.5)
- Initiative vs Guilt (4-6)
- Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
- Identity vs Role confusion (teen-adult)
Systematic Desensitization
A form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response. This approach is especially useful in the treatment of fears and Phobias.
Intermittent Reinforcement
Inconsistent response to the behaviour of another person- for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behaviour and sometimes ignoring it
Behaviour Modification
A form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviour
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment
Weakness of learning theories approach
Because it focuses on behaviour not minds- it lacks attention to biological influences and, except for Bandura’s theory, to the role of cognition in influencing behaviour
Vicarious Reinforcement
Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
Self Socialization
The idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
Role taking
Being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that persons behaviour, thoughts, and feelings
Hostile attribution bias
Un Dodges theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
Achievement Motivation
Refers to whether children are motivated by learning goals, seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or by performance goals, seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid negative assessments
Entity/helpless orientation
A general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
Incremental/mastery orientation
A general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
Entity Theory
A theory that a persons level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
Incremental theory
A theory that a persons intelligence can grow as s function of experience
Do the two types of internal views- entity theories and incremental theories- have implications for children’s development?
Yes! Experiments have shown that children who were taught incremental theory were more motivated and worked better than a control group. Adolescents who maintain an entity theory about personality traits are more likely to exhibit hostile attributional bias.
Ethology
The study of the evolutionary based of behaviour
Imprinting
A form of learning in which the newborns of some species of birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species (usually their mother)
Parental Investment theory
A theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behaviour, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring
Cinderella Effect
Refers to the higher rates of child maltreatment for stepparents than for biological parents
The Bioecological Model
Urie and Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model treats the child’s environment as a ‘set of nested structures, each inside the next, like a set of Russian dolls.’ Each structure represents a diff level of influence on development.
The Microsystem
In the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual child personally experienced and participates in
Mesosystem
In the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings
Ecosystem
In the bioecological model, environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly
Macrosystem
In the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded
Chronosystem
In the bioecological model, historical changes that influence other systems
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention
Child Maltreatment
Intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18.
