~Chapter 12 - Lecture Section 12.4 Flashcards
What is Melody?
The experience of a sequence of pitches that ‘go together’ in a musically pleasing way.
Our perception of Melody is described with commonly occuring properties of ___ and ___.
phrasing // melodies
Different genres of music have developed a musical ___, rules for how notes and chords are combined in music. This creates expectations based on the ___ of a particular kind of music. This expectancy exists even for ___ songs.
syntax // statistical regularities // unfamiliar
There is growing evidence that musical syntax is treated by the brain in a similar way to ___.
Violations in musical syntax are ___, similar to violations in linguistic syntax.
verbal syntax // perceptually jarring
Using ERP’s and P600 measures, when there is a syntax violation, there is a bump ___ in values, indicating the person has detected the violation.
down
Using ERP’s and P600 measures, when there is a small mistake for a ___ key, there is a ___ amplitude in P600.
nearby // small
Using ERP’s and P600 measures, when there is a large mistake for a ___ key, there is a ___ amplitude in P600.
distant // large syntax violation
The processing of ___ and the ___ follow similar rules to psycholinguistics.
melody // expected syntax
In a piece of music, there is the ___, the ___, and the ___.
Rhythm // Beat // Meter
What is the Rhythm?
The time pattern of durations created by notes
What is the Beat?
The timing is subdivided into equally spaced intervals/parts
What is the Meter?
The organization of beats into measures; the first beat is often accented. Often the measure can be duple meter or triple meter.
A Triple Meter is ___ beats per measure.
3
What would it sound like if you were asked to imagine the sound of a metronome but played as a Duple Meter?
It would sound like TICK-toc TICK-toc TICK-toc…., as 2 beats per measure with the first beat being accented.
What would it sound like if you were asked to imagine the sound of a metronome but played as a Triple Meter?
It would sound like TICK-toc-toc TICK-toc-toc TICK-toc-toc…
In study performed on ___ and ___, subjects listen to an ambiguous repeating sound, similar to a metronome, but hold hands and bounce with an experimenter to either duple or triple meter with an experimenter. When tested on which beat they heard, the subject’s report matched the bouncing of the experimenters rhythm on ___% of trials. In other words, if the experimenter bounced and danced with you in duple meter, you would perceive that ambiguous repeating sound as having ___.
metrical structure // motion // 86 // duple meter
Metrical Structure appears to also affect ___ perception.
language
Different languages that have different ___ can lend the perception of meter to spoken phrases.
stress patterns
Dominant stress pattern in English: ___ /___. Example: “the book”.
short/long // unaccented –accented
Dominant stress pattern in Japanese: ___/___. Example: “hon ga”.
long/short // accented - unaccented
In an experiment, native English or Japanese speakers were played a stimulus that had alternating long and short tones. These tones were not words, just bursts of sounds. The native English speakers perceived the ___ metrical structure more often.
short-long
In an experiment, native English or Japanese speakers were played a stimulus that had alternating long and short tones. These tones were not words, just bursts of sounds. The native Japanese speakers perceive the ___ metrical structure more often.
long-short
We rarely use only one ___ during normal behaviour. Most of our everyday experiences are a combination of ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
sensory modality // vision // audition // olfaction // gustation // somatosensation // thermosensation // proprioception
In experimental settings, we usually examine each sensory modality separately. More ___ studies should be done. Prof believes that there is specialized neural processing which is inherently ___ which is waiting to be discovered.
multi-sensory // multi-sensory
We are very good at seeing things that are ___, this is where the ___ function of vision and audition come together.
noisy // alerting
In most cases our visual map of ___ corresponds well with our ___ map of space.
space // auditory
There have been electrophysiological measures mostly performed in parietal cortex, where multi-sensory info is integrated, where a neuron can have a ___ and an ___ which ___.
visual RF // auditory RF // overlap
What is the Visual Capture/Ventriloquism Effect?
Sometimes vision and hearing provide disparate information.
Most of the time, we perceive a sound location coming from its ___.
seen location
When we’re watching something on a screen, we are experiencing the ___. As if we ___ sound localization information to better match the stimulus with the way we usually experience stimuli in the environment
Visual Capture/Ventriloquism Effect // ignore
The Two Flash Illusion is ___-dominating.
audition
In the Two Flash Illusion, the stimulus is 1 flash and 2 beeps, but what is perceived is ___ flash and ___ beep(s).
2 // 2
In the Two Flash Illusion, it is as if timing information for the rapidly-presented stimuli rely more on the ___ system, and this has something to do with the ___ where auditory transduction occurs much more ___, because it relies on these directly-activated mechanosensory channels, whereas visual transduction is a little slower because it uses g-protein coupled cascade.
auditory // transduction mechanism // quickly
The Visual Capture/Ventriloquism Effect is ___-dominating.
vision
In Sekuler et al.’s 1997 experiment, when there is silence, indicating that the two balls have missed each other, ___% of subjects perceived the balls as moving past each other in a straight line, and ___% saw balls hitting each other and deflecting in opposite directions
88 // 12
In Sekuler et al.’s 1997 experiment, when a “click” is added just as the balls are approaching each other, only ___% of subjects saw the balls taking a straight line trajectory, and ___% subjects saw contact and deflection.
37 // 63
Sekuler et al.’s 1997 experiment indicates a specialized neural processing that is ___.
multi-sensory
