~Chapter 12 - Lecture Section 12.4

Question 1

What is Melody?

Answer 1

The experience of a sequence of pitches that ‘go together’ in a musically pleasing way.

Question 2

Our perception of Melody is described with commonly occuring properties of ___ and ___.

Answer 2

phrasing // melodies

Question 3

Different genres of music have developed a musical ___, rules for how notes and chords are combined in music. This creates expectations based on the ___ of a particular kind of music. This expectancy exists even for ___ songs.

Answer 3

syntax // statistical regularities // unfamiliar

Question 4

There is growing evidence that musical syntax is treated by the brain in a similar way to ___.

Violations in musical syntax are ___, similar to violations in linguistic syntax.

Answer 4

verbal syntax // perceptually jarring

Question 5

Using ERP’s and P600 measures, when there is a syntax violation, there is a bump ___ in values, indicating the person has detected the violation.

Answer 5

down

Question 6

Using ERP’s and P600 measures, when there is a small mistake for a ___ key, there is a ___ amplitude in P600.

Answer 6

nearby // small

Question 7

Using ERP’s and P600 measures, when there is a large mistake for a ___ key, there is a ___ amplitude in P600.

Answer 7

distant // large syntax violation

Question 8

The processing of ___ and the ___ follow similar rules to psycholinguistics.

Answer 8

melody // expected syntax

Question 9

In a piece of music, there is the ___, the ___, and the ___.

Answer 9

Rhythm // Beat // Meter

Question 10

What is the Rhythm?

Answer 10

The time pattern of durations created by notes

Question 11

What is the Beat?

Answer 11

The timing is subdivided into equally spaced intervals/parts

Question 12

What is the Meter?

Answer 12

The organization of beats into measures; the first beat is often accented. Often the measure can be duple meter or triple meter.

Question 13

A Triple Meter is ___ beats per measure.

Answer 13

3

Question 14

What would it sound like if you were asked to imagine the sound of a metronome but played as a Duple Meter?

Answer 14

It would sound like TICK-toc TICK-toc TICK-toc…., as 2 beats per measure with the first beat being accented.

Question 15

What would it sound like if you were asked to imagine the sound of a metronome but played as a Triple Meter?

Answer 15

It would sound like TICK-toc-toc TICK-toc-toc TICK-toc-toc…

Question 16

In study performed on ___ and ___, subjects listen to an ambiguous repeating sound, similar to a metronome, but hold hands and bounce with an experimenter to either duple or triple meter with an experimenter. When tested on which beat they heard, the subject’s report matched the bouncing of the experimenters rhythm on ___% of trials. In other words, if the experimenter bounced and danced with you in duple meter, you would perceive that ambiguous repeating sound as having ___.

Answer 16

metrical structure // motion // 86 // duple meter

Question 17

Metrical Structure appears to also affect ___ perception.

Answer 17

language

Question 18

Different languages that have different ___ can lend the perception of meter to spoken phrases.

Answer 18

stress patterns

Question 19

Dominant stress pattern in English: ___ /___. Example: “the book”.

Answer 19

short/long // unaccented –accented

Question 20

Dominant stress pattern in Japanese: ___/___. Example: “hon ga”.

Answer 20

long/short // accented - unaccented

Question 21

In an experiment, native English or Japanese speakers were played a stimulus that had alternating long and short tones. These tones were not words, just bursts of sounds. The native English speakers perceived the ___ metrical structure more often.

Answer 21

short-long

Question 22

In an experiment, native English or Japanese speakers were played a stimulus that had alternating long and short tones. These tones were not words, just bursts of sounds. The native Japanese speakers perceive the ___ metrical structure more often.

Answer 22

long-short

Question 23

We rarely use only one ___ during normal behaviour. Most of our everyday experiences are a combination of ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 23

sensory modality // vision // audition // olfaction // gustation // somatosensation // thermosensation // proprioception

Question 24

In experimental settings, we usually examine each sensory modality separately. More ___ studies should be done. Prof believes that there is specialized neural processing which is inherently ___ which is waiting to be discovered.

Answer 24

multi-sensory // multi-sensory

Question 25

We are very good at seeing things that are ___, this is where the ___ function of vision and audition come together.

Answer 25

noisy // alerting

Question 26

In most cases our visual map of ___ corresponds well with our ___ map of space.

Answer 26

space // auditory

Question 27

There have been electrophysiological measures mostly performed in parietal cortex, where multi-sensory info is integrated, where a neuron can have a ___ and an ___ which ___.

Answer 27

visual RF // auditory RF // overlap

Question 28

What is the Visual Capture/Ventriloquism Effect?

Answer 28

Sometimes vision and hearing provide disparate information.

Question 29

Most of the time, we perceive a sound location coming from its ___.

Answer 29

seen location

Question 30

When we’re watching something on a screen, we are experiencing the ___. As if we ___ sound localization information to better match the stimulus with the way we usually experience stimuli in the environment

Answer 30

Visual Capture/Ventriloquism Effect // ignore

Question 31

The Two Flash Illusion is ___-dominating.

Answer 31

audition

Question 32

In the Two Flash Illusion, the stimulus is 1 flash and 2 beeps, but what is perceived is ___ flash and ___ beep(s).

Answer 32

2 // 2

Question 33

In the Two Flash Illusion, it is as if timing information for the rapidly-presented stimuli rely more on the ___ system, and this has something to do with the ___ where auditory transduction occurs much more ___, because it relies on these directly-activated mechanosensory channels, whereas visual transduction is a little slower because it uses g-protein coupled cascade.

Answer 33

auditory // transduction mechanism // quickly

Question 34

The Visual Capture/Ventriloquism Effect is ___-dominating.

Answer 34

vision

Question 35

In Sekuler et al.’s 1997 experiment, when there is silence, indicating that the two balls have missed each other, ___% of subjects perceived the balls as moving past each other in a straight line, and ___% saw balls hitting each other and deflecting in opposite directions

Answer 35

88 // 12

Question 36

In Sekuler et al.’s 1997 experiment, when a “click” is added just as the balls are approaching each other, only ___% of subjects saw the balls taking a straight line trajectory, and ___% subjects saw contact and deflection.

Answer 36

37 // 63

Question 37

Sekuler et al.’s 1997 experiment indicates a specialized neural processing that is ___.

Answer 37

multi-sensory