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PSYO2150 - Final - Perceptual Processes > ~Chapter 11 - Lecture Section 11.1 > Flashcards

~Chapter 11 - Lecture Section 11.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physical description of sound?

A

Pressure changes in the air (or other physical medium, like water)

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2
Q

What is the perceptual description of sound?

A

The experience of hearing. Perceptually, we experience these vibrations as a sense of hearing.

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3
Q

We hear ___. First, the ___ vibrate, then the ___ vibrate, then our ___ vibrate.

A

vibrations // objects // air molecules // eardrums

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4
Q

What is condensed/compressed air?

A

An object moving/vibrating causes all the air molecules directly in front to be bunched up, a bit like a snow shovel compacting the snow into itself.
This compression causes all of these air molecules to bump into these other air molecules.

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5
Q

Do photons and sound/air molecules travel the same way?

A

No

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6
Q

How do sound/air molecules travel?

A

They bump into each other and transfer their kinetic energy.

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7
Q

The pushing out of the speakers diaphragm is then followed by a pulling inwards of the speakers diaphragm which creates a large area of space for a small number of molecules, and so this creates almost like a vacuum, where it is referred to as ___.

A

Rarefied Air/Negative Pressure

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8
Q

What is Rarefied Air/Negative Pressure?

A

Rarefied Air/Negative Pressure creates an area of low-density

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9
Q

When you have compressions followed by rarfraction/rarefied air, what you get are ___ of pressure where there is alternation between ___ and ___, and they propagate outwards away from the sound-source and all that kinetic energy of these air molecules bouncing off each other in a wave-form will eventually reach you ear, and it will cause vibrations on your eardrum, and this is where we get to the perceptual aspect.

A

longitudinal waves // rarified // condensed air

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10
Q

What are the simplest sound-waves?

A

Pure Tones

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11
Q

A Pure Tone is defined as a ___ wave.

A

sinusoidal

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12
Q

The sinusoidal transition between maximum pressure and minimum pressure creates a ___.

A

Pure Tone

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13
Q

If we’re making a graph for Pure Tone, and plot time on the X-axis and pressure on the y-axis, we have a Sine wave, where at the peak it represents the ___, so this is the condensation/compression of air molecules at some amplitude. At the ___ we have the lowest pressure/the rarefication of the air molecules.

A

highest pressure // bottom

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14
Q

Pure Tones can vary in ___.

A

Amplitude

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15
Q

What is Amplitude?

A

The difference in pressure between the highest part of the peaks and lowest part of the troughs/peaks of the wave.

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16
Q

Perception of Amplitude is ___.

A

loudness

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17
Q

What is a Decibel (dB)?

A

Decibel is the physical measure of sound intensity. Decibel is a measure of magnitude, and is used as the measure of Amplitude.

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18
Q

What is the formula for Decibels?

A

dB = 20 × log^10(p/po this is the standard pressure) (measured in Micropascals)

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19
Q

If standard pressure is ___ Micropascals, then this is referred to as the ___.

A

20 // Standard Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

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20
Q

What is a benefit of the formula for Decibels?

A

Because the formula for Decibels include this logarithmic calculation the decibel measure covers a large range of sound pressures in a manageable scale and corresponds to the non-linear perception of loudness that we have

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21
Q

What range of pressures can be covered by the Decibel (dB) scale?

A

There is a huge range of the Relative Amplitude going from barely audible (threshold) to giant sounds (spacecraft launch at close range) in Micropascal pressures is captured by the very manageable Decibel range of about 160.

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22
Q

The range of pressures that can be covered by the Decibel (dB) scale is ___.

A

0-160

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23
Q

Pure Tones can vary in ___.

A

Frequency

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24
Q

How is Frequency measured?

A

In cycles per second: in Hertz (Hz)

Frequency = 1 cycle/period

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25
Q

The highest Frequency has the ___ period.

A

lowest

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26
Q

The lowest Frequency has the ___ period.

A

longest

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27
Q

Frequency is the ___ of the period, the longer the period, the ___ the frequency.

A

inverse // lower

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28
Q

Frequency is somewhat linked to the perception of Pitch, such that lower frequency sounds are often perceived as ___ pitch, and higher frequency sounds are often perceived as ___ pitch.

A

lower // higher

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29
Q

Often, when we are considering the perception of Pitch, it’s useful to think about ___.

A

musical notes

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30
Q

Musical notes can be described by their ___.

A

Tone Height

31
Q

What is Tone Height?

A

Tone Height is the perceptual experience of increasing pitch as sound frequency increases. It is more intricate than just low keys and higher keys on a piano

32
Q

We are able to group certain ___ together.

A

Frequencies

33
Q

On a keyboard, the notes A, B, C, D, E, F, G repeat, and notes of the same letter sound similar, they are said to have the same ___. Notes of the same letter have the same ___.

A

Tone Chroma // Tone Chroma

34
Q

With a Tone Chroma, what we appear to be keeping track of perceptually is the ___ of ___ in these notes.

A

doubling // frequencies

35
Q

The difference in frequency in A1, A2, A3, A4, ect, is that the frequency ___ as you go up each set.

A

doubles

36
Q

A1 has ___Hz frequency
A2 has ___Hz frequency
A3 has ___Hz frequency
A4 has ___Hz frequency

A

27 ½ // 55 // 110 // 220

37
Q

The frequency doubling as you go up a set in notes is referred to as an ___.

A

Octave increase

38
Q

Musical Notes are described in ___.

A

Octaves

39
Q

What is the formula for an Octave?

A

fOctave(n) = fbase* ^2^(n)

40
Q

Notes of the same ___ have frequencies that are an ___ apart.

A

Tone Chroma // Octave

41
Q

Both ___ and ___ will affect the perception of loudness

A

Frequency // Intensity

42
Q

What is the Threshold of Feeling?

A

This is from when you stop hearing a sound and start feeling it vibrating through your body.

43
Q

Any intensity below the ___ is inaudible, and just above it is barely audible.

A

Audibility Curve/Threshold of Hearing

44
Q

What is an Equal Loudness Curves

A

Sounds that are relatively the same in dB and Hz would have an Equal Loudness

45
Q

What animals can hear higher frequencies than us?

A

Dogs, Dolphins, and Mice

46
Q

A dog whistle makes frequencies around ___Hz.

A

30,000

47
Q

Elephants have a range of hearing that goes to very ___ bands, ___ than what humans can detect, and this is referred to as ___.

A

low // lower // Subsonic Communication

48
Q

The Amplitude of a Pure Tone is mostly related to the ___.

A

perceived loudness

49
Q

The Frequency of the tone is mostly related to the ___.

A

perceived Pitch

50
Q

Pure tones are ___ tones, and realistic tones are more ___.

A

simple // complex

51
Q

The perceptual quality of sound that can be directly related to its physical nature is ___, ___, and ___.

A

Sound Quality/Timbre // Loudness // Pitch

52
Q

All the other properties of sound except for Loudness and Pitch will constitute ___.

A

Timbre

53
Q

Most of our auditory experience is of ___ tones/sounds.

A

complex

54
Q

We don’t usually hear ___ at all in our natural environment

A

Pure Tones

55
Q

A ___ is the closest thing to an instrument that makes a Pure Tone.

A

Flute

56
Q

What is Additive Synthesis?

A

The summation of multiple Pure Tones to make up Complex Tone.

57
Q

Multiple Frequencies making up Complex Tones is an example of ___.

A

Additive Synthesis

58
Q

Periodic Complex Tones such as musical notes that are played are made up of multiple ___.

A

Pure Tones

59
Q

The first tone of a Harmonic is the lowest frequency, this is referred to as the ___.

A

Fundamental/First Harmonic

60
Q

In Harmonics, the Second Harmonic is ___ times the frequency of the ___.

A

double // Fundamental

61
Q

In Harmonics, the Third Harmonic is ___ times the frequency of the ___.

A

triple // Fundamental

62
Q

In Harmonics, the Fourth Harmonic is ___ times the frequency of the ___.

A

quadruple // Fundamental

63
Q

Adding Harmonics together produces a ___ and is an example of ___.

A

Complex wave-form // Additive Synthesis

64
Q

Frequency, and the Amplitude of the Frequency produce a ___.

A

Frequency Spectra

65
Q

What is the Periodicity Pitch?

A

The perceived similarity of tones that have the Harmonics removed

66
Q

How is our auditory system able to achieve Periodicity Pitch?

A

In the Frequency spectra we see that all of the Harmonics have equal power, and creates that wave form → If we remove the Fundamental, now we only have Second, Third and Fourth Harmonics, the 200 Fundamental is removed. → The wave form between the original sound and the one that is missing the fundamental still has the same period, that is to say, the waveform is the smallest non-repeating unit. → The sound with the missing Fundamental has the same period before it repeats → What we have when we look at the frequency Spectra, we can see that the Fundamental Frequency is not only indicated by the power, but by the spacing of all of the subsequent Harmonics. → We can see in b that each of the subsequent Harmonics are spaced by 200Hz, therefore, we are able to reconstruct what the Fundamental should be.

67
Q

How is it that the same note played by different instruments sounds the same tone height, but you can clearly distinguish a guitar from a piano?

A

This is due to the power of each of the Harmonics.

68
Q

Even though the Fundamental Frequency of the G3 note is 196Hz, we can see that the pattern of Harmonics that are created in a guitar or busson or alt sax, they all have the same frequencies, but the ___ of the subsequent Harmonics is slightly different. This is the ___ of the different notes.

A

Amplitude // Timbre

69
Q

What is Attack?

A

Attack of a tone is the buildup of sound at the beginning of the tone, so that it can start quiet and get louder and vice versa.

70
Q

What is Decay?

A

Decay of a tone is the decrease in sound at end of tone. This can be very rapid or very gradual

71
Q

Piano notes have a very rapid ___. If you play a note on a piano ___ it sounds like an ___.

A

Attack // backwards // Organ

72
Q

What is a Periodic?

A

Periodic sound is a sound where the pattern of pressure changes repeats. These are the musical notes / Pure Tones we’ve been talking about

73
Q

What is an Aperiodic?

A

Aperiodic sounds is where the pattern of sound waves does not repeat (e.g. door slamming or object dropping, crunch of a leaf, ect.)

74
Q

___ sounds are what we mainly encounter outside of the time we are listening to music.

A

Aperiodic

PSYO2150 - Final - Perceptual Processes (12 decks)

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