~Chapter 12 - Lecture Section 12.3 Flashcards
Auditory space is often cluttered with many ___ and many of the sound sources ___ in time.
sound sources // overlap
Naturalistic sounds are much more ___.
complex
The array of sound sources in the environment is called the ___, this can range from very ___ to very ___.
auditory scene // simple // complex
What is an example of a Simple auditory scene?
A single speaker playing a pure tone in a soundproof booth
What is an example of a Complex auditory scene?
A cocktail party
We are able to perform an ___, where we separate the stimuli produced by each sound source, so we can identify what is making the sound, where it is coming from, and what info content is in the sound.
Auditory Scene Analysis
Sound location provides ___ cue.
1
We can ___ sounds even if they are played through a single speaker.
separate
One strategy for gaining insights into auditory scene analysis is borrowing from ___ research, and treating an auditory scene the same way that ___ examined a visual scene that had elements that needed to be ___ from each other or ___ together.
visual // Gestalt Psychologists // segregated // grouped
There are a number of ___ that help us to perceptually organize elements of an auditory scene, they are based on how sounds usually ___ in the environment.
heuristics // originate
These heuristics are based on the auditory scene ___, similar to how gestaltists were tapping into the scene statistics for visual info, our auditory system is making use of certain___ in sound to group elements together and segregate elements from each other.
statistics // regularities
As with vision, it is also related to the ___, but applied to sounds. We can also use ___ as well to make use of these regularities to create a ___, and then collect evidence to support that ___.
von Helmholtz likelihood principle // Bayesian Inference // prior // prior
What is the Principle of Location for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
Sounds created by a single source usually come from one position, or a slowly changing location. 2 sounds separated in space are usually perceived as two sources.
What is the Principle of Onset Time for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
If two sounds start at slightly different times they are often perceived as coming from different sources.
There are two principles of auditory grouping that often together, ___ and ___.
Similarity of Timbre and Pitch // Proximity in Time
What is the Principle of Similarity of Timbre and Pitch for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
Sounds that have the same timbre or pitch are perceived as coming from the same source.
What is the Principle of Proximity in Time for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
Sounds that occur in rapid succession tend to be produced by the same source.
What is Auditory Stream Segregation?
Auditory stream segregation is the separation of ongoing sounds into multiple groups of sounds, where the order is important.
When Similarity of Timbre and Pitch, and Proximity in time are combined, they can create powerful ___.
auditory stream segregation
Musical melody and speech are examples of ___.
auditory stream segregation
The separation of acoustic stimuli in the environment into auditory streams are creating multiple ___.
perceptual streams
Bach is an example of ___.
Implied Polyphony
What is Implied Polyphony?
This is when a single instrument rapidly alternates between high notes and low notes.
Implied Polyphony is often perceived as a ___ melody being played by one instrument and a ___ melody played by another instrument.
high // low
In order for Implied Polyphony to occur, there has to be ___, so ___ is important too
rapid alternations // timing
Studies done by Bregman and Campbell (1971) showed that as alternation between high and low notes ___, it goes from sounding one stream to two separate streams.
speeds up
When there are slow alterations, you perceive ___ auditory stream(s).
a single
When there are fast alterations, you perceive ___ stream(s).
multiple
What forms of Auditory Stream Segregation use Similarity in Pitch and Proximity in Time?
Capto Tone Demonstration, Implied Polyphony, and Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling
How is a Capto Tone Demonstration performed?
A subject is asked to discriminate whether a pair of tones is going low to high, or high to low.
What happens when Distractor Tones are added, but there are no Captor Tones present, during Capto Tone Demonstration?
This makes it harder for you to distinguish whether it is low to high, or high to low
What are Distractor Tones?
They make judging tone order (XY vs YX) difficult
When Captor Tones are present, performance ___, and it becomes much easier to perceive the high-low vs low-high ordering of the stimulus, because Distractor Tones are perceived as a ___ auditory stream.
improves // separate
What is Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling?
This is where the stimulus has, through the R ear, a set of notes that are alternating between high and low, and the L ear is also playing this alternating that is starting at a low pitch.
What is perceived during Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling?
What is perceived is a smooth transition of notes in the R ear and smooth transition of notes in the L ear, therefore, this is an example where similarity in pitch overrides localization information.
During Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling, the illusion is based on the similarity of ___.
pitch
Like using Gestalt Psychology for visual stimuli, there is also a Law of ___ for auditory grouping.
Good Continuation
What is the Law of Good Continuation for auditory grouping?
Sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are often produced by a single source.
This would be similar to the lines that are either straight or change slowly are considered to be grouped together.
If we play a continuous set of beep that stays at the same pitch, and another set of beeps that play at an ever-increasing pitch, when they are very separate, it is easy to distinguish them and segregate them into two streams. Even though two streams will cross tone heights, they are mostly perceived as 2 separate streams when they are different enough, except when they are close-together, causing ___, which is due to similarity in ___, causing ___.
Galloping // timbre/pitch // grouping
What Auditory Continuity / Occlusion?
This is if a tone is played and there is a gap, you often perceive the stream as stopping, and then another stream starting, and then the stream stops. The tone bursts are separated by silent gaps, and each one of them is perceived as a separate entity.
If you play one continous noise, with static played a few times over it where the gaps would be, you actually perceive that there is a ___ played tone that has some noise overlaid on top of it. This noise is acting as an ___ stimulus, and the percept is that the tone ___ behind the noise.
continuously // Occluding // continues
?
Experience, Melody Schema, and Phonemic Restoration Effect.
What is Experience in the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
How Top-down influences sound perception. Your previous experience with certain types of auditory stream make it easier to segregate those different sounds into streams.
What is Melody Schema in the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
This is relying on your representation of a familiar melody (two overlapping songs experiment)
Two songs are being played overtop each other, Mary Had a Little Lamb, and Three Blind Mice. If a naive subject is played the sounds, they will hear a ___. If an informed subject is played the sounds, they are able to ___ the two songs into ___, and hear two melodies played at the same time.
jumble of notes // segregate // two auditory streams
What is Phonemic Restoration Effect in the Principles of Auditory Grouping?
This is where you are able to use the context of a sentence to retroactively alter perception of a word that has one of its phonemes blocked by a coughing noise. However, if there is no occluding sound, like a cough or static, and there is just silence, there is no phonemic restoration effect.
