~Chapter 12 - Lecture Section 12.3

Question 1

Auditory space is often cluttered with many ___ and many of the sound sources ___ in time.

Answer 1

sound sources // overlap

Question 2

Naturalistic sounds are much more ___.

Answer 2

complex

Question 3

The array of sound sources in the environment is called the ___, this can range from very ___ to very ___.

Answer 3

auditory scene // simple // complex

Question 4

What is an example of a Simple auditory scene?

Answer 4

A single speaker playing a pure tone in a soundproof booth

Question 5

What is an example of a Complex auditory scene?

Answer 5

A cocktail party

Question 6

We are able to perform an ___, where we separate the stimuli produced by each sound source, so we can identify what is making the sound, where it is coming from, and what info content is in the sound.

Answer 6

Auditory Scene Analysis

Question 7

Sound location provides ___ cue.

Answer 7

1

Question 8

We can ___ sounds even if they are played through a single speaker.

Answer 8

separate

Question 9

One strategy for gaining insights into auditory scene analysis is borrowing from ___ research, and treating an auditory scene the same way that ___ examined a visual scene that had elements that needed to be ___ from each other or ___ together.

Answer 9

visual // Gestalt Psychologists // segregated // grouped

Question 10

There are a number of ___ that help us to perceptually organize elements of an auditory scene, they are based on how sounds usually ___ in the environment.

Answer 10

heuristics // originate

Question 11

These heuristics are based on the auditory scene ___, similar to how gestaltists were tapping into the scene statistics for visual info, our auditory system is making use of certain___ in sound to group elements together and segregate elements from each other.

Answer 11

statistics // regularities

Question 12

As with vision, it is also related to the ___, but applied to sounds. We can also use ___ as well to make use of these regularities to create a ___, and then collect evidence to support that ___.

Answer 12

von Helmholtz likelihood principle // Bayesian Inference // prior // prior

Question 13

What is the Principle of Location for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 13

Sounds created by a single source usually come from one position, or a slowly changing location. 2 sounds separated in space are usually perceived as two sources.

Question 14

What is the Principle of Onset Time for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 14

If two sounds start at slightly different times they are often perceived as coming from different sources.

Question 15

There are two principles of auditory grouping that often together, ___ and ___.

Answer 15

Similarity of Timbre and Pitch // Proximity in Time

Question 16

What is the Principle of Similarity of Timbre and Pitch for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 16

Sounds that have the same timbre or pitch are perceived as coming from the same source.

Question 17

What is the Principle of Proximity in Time for the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 17

Sounds that occur in rapid succession tend to be produced by the same source.

Question 18

What is Auditory Stream Segregation?

Answer 18

Auditory stream segregation is the separation of ongoing sounds into multiple groups of sounds, where the order is important.

Question 19

When Similarity of Timbre and Pitch, and Proximity in time are combined, they can create powerful ___.

Answer 19

auditory stream segregation

Question 20

Musical melody and speech are examples of ___.

Answer 20

auditory stream segregation

Question 21

The separation of acoustic stimuli in the environment into auditory streams are creating multiple ___.

Answer 21

perceptual streams

Question 22

Bach is an example of ___.

Answer 22

Implied Polyphony

Question 23

What is Implied Polyphony?

Answer 23

This is when a single instrument rapidly alternates between high notes and low notes.

Question 24

Implied Polyphony is often perceived as a ___ melody being played by one instrument and a ___ melody played by another instrument.

Answer 24

high // low

Question 25

In order for Implied Polyphony to occur, there has to be ___, so ___ is important too

Answer 25

rapid alternations // timing

Question 26

Studies done by Bregman and Campbell (1971) showed that as alternation between high and low notes ___, it goes from sounding one stream to two separate streams.

Answer 26

speeds up

Question 27

When there are slow alterations, you perceive ___ auditory stream(s).

Answer 27

a single

Question 28

When there are fast alterations, you perceive ___ stream(s).

Answer 28

multiple

Question 29

What forms of Auditory Stream Segregation use Similarity in Pitch and Proximity in Time?

Answer 29

Capto Tone Demonstration, Implied Polyphony, and Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling

Question 30

How is a Capto Tone Demonstration performed?

Answer 30

A subject is asked to discriminate whether a pair of tones is going low to high, or high to low.

Question 31

What happens when Distractor Tones are added, but there are no Captor Tones present, during Capto Tone Demonstration?

Answer 31

This makes it harder for you to distinguish whether it is low to high, or high to low

Question 32

What are Distractor Tones?

Answer 32

They make judging tone order (XY vs YX) difficult

Question 33

When Captor Tones are present, performance ___, and it becomes much easier to perceive the high-low vs low-high ordering of the stimulus, because Distractor Tones are perceived as a ___ auditory stream.

Answer 33

improves // separate

Question 34

What is Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling?

Answer 34

This is where the stimulus has, through the R ear, a set of notes that are alternating between high and low, and the L ear is also playing this alternating that is starting at a low pitch.

Question 35

What is perceived during Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling?

Answer 35

What is perceived is a smooth transition of notes in the R ear and smooth transition of notes in the L ear, therefore, this is an example where similarity in pitch overrides localization information.

Question 36

During Scale Illusion/Melodic Channeling, the illusion is based on the similarity of ___.

Answer 36

pitch

Question 37

Like using Gestalt Psychology for visual stimuli, there is also a Law of ___ for auditory grouping.

Answer 37

Good Continuation

Question 38

What is the Law of Good Continuation for auditory grouping?

Answer 38

Sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are often produced by a single source. This would be similar to the lines that are either straight or change slowly are considered to be grouped together.

Question 39

If we play a continuous set of beep that stays at the same pitch, and another set of beeps that play at an ever-increasing pitch, when they are very separate, it is easy to distinguish them and segregate them into two streams. Even though two streams will cross tone heights, they are mostly perceived as 2 separate streams when they are different enough, except when they are close-together, causing ___, which is due to similarity in ___, causing ___.

Answer 39

Galloping // timbre/pitch // grouping

Question 40

What Auditory Continuity / Occlusion?

Answer 40

This is if a tone is played and there is a gap, you often perceive the stream as stopping, and then another stream starting, and then the stream stops. The tone bursts are separated by silent gaps, and each one of them is perceived as a separate entity.

Question 41

If you play one continous noise, with static played a few times over it where the gaps would be, you actually perceive that there is a ___ played tone that has some noise overlaid on top of it. This noise is acting as an ___ stimulus, and the percept is that the tone ___ behind the noise.

Answer 41

continuously // Occluding // continues

Question 42

?

Answer 42

Experience, Melody Schema, and Phonemic Restoration Effect.

Question 43

What is Experience in the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 43

How Top-down influences sound perception. Your previous experience with certain types of auditory stream make it easier to segregate those different sounds into streams.

Question 44

What is Melody Schema in the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 44

This is relying on your representation of a familiar melody (two overlapping songs experiment)

Question 45

Two songs are being played overtop each other, Mary Had a Little Lamb, and Three Blind Mice. If a naive subject is played the sounds, they will hear a ___. If an informed subject is played the sounds, they are able to ___ the two songs into ___, and hear two melodies played at the same time.

Answer 45

jumble of notes // segregate // two auditory streams

Question 46

What is Phonemic Restoration Effect in the Principles of Auditory Grouping?

Answer 46

This is where you are able to use the context of a sentence to retroactively alter perception of a word that has one of its phonemes blocked by a coughing noise. However, if there is no occluding sound, like a cough or static, and there is just silence, there is no phonemic restoration effect.