Chapter 12 - Disease Flashcards
Bacteria diseases
TB
Bacterial meningitis
Ring rot
Virus diseases
HIV/AIDS
Tobacco virus
Influenza
Protist diseases
Malaria
Potato blight
Fungi diseases
Black Sigatoka
Athletes foot/ringworm
TB
Damages and destroys lung tissue
Suppresses immune system
Body less able to fight other diseases
Ring rot
Damages leaves tubers and fruit
No cure
TMV
Damages leaves, flowers and fruit
Stunts Growth
Malaria
Caused by plasmodium
Female anopheles mosquitoes are the vector
Invade red blood cells
Potato blight
Destroy leaves, tuber and fruit
Black Sigatoka
In bananas, turn leaves black
Athletes foot/ringworm
There are different types of ringworm, different fungi
Athletes foot is a type of ringworm
Digest skin between toes
Animal direct disease transmission
- contact
- Inoculation
- ingestion
Animal indirect disease transmission
- formites
- Droplet
- vectors
What factors affect transmission of diseases in animals?
Overcrowding poor nutrition climate change
Plants direct disease transmission
- Healthy plant in contact with unhealthy plant
Plant indirect disease transmission
- soil contamination
- Vectors: wind (spores) water, animals, humans
What factors affect transmission of diseases in plants?
Crowding poor mineral nutrients, warm damp conditions, climate change
Callose deposition
- plant attacked by pathogen
- Plant synthesises lots of the polysaccharide callose
- callose deposited into cell walls and cell surface membranes of neighbouring cell strengthened with lignin
- Forms a barrier against pathogens
Plant chemical defences
- insect repellent and insecticides
- Anti- bacterial compound
- Antifungal compounds
- Toxins eg. Form Cyanide compounds.
Non-specific defences
Skin
Mucous membrane
Hydrochloric acid and stomach
Expulsive reflexes
Inflammatory response
Wound repair
Blood clotting
Blood clotting
Platelets come in contact with collagen and adhere and secrete
Thromboplastin - triggers formation of blood clot
Serotonin - smooth muscle contraction to narrow blood vessels and limit blood supply
Wound repair
- epidermal cells under the scab grow to seal wound
- damage blood vessels regrow
- Collagen gifts, epidermis strength
Inflammatory response
Mast cells activated and release histamines and cytokines
Histamines
- blood vessel dilation raises temperatures to prevent reproduction of pathogens
- increase leakiness of vessels blood plasma tissue fluid causes swelling
Cytokines
Attract phagocytes for phagocytosis
Two types of phagocyte
Neutrophil and macrophage
Phagocytosis
-pathogens release chemicals that attract phagocyte
- phagocyte recognises non-human proteins in pathogen
- pathogen encloses in phagosome
- phagosome plus lysosome—> phagosome
- Enzymes from lysosome digest pathogen
What do phagocytes release after engulfing pathogen, what does it do
Cytokines- cell signalling to other phagocytes body is attacked
Opsonins
- chemical binds to pathogens so they’re more easily recognised by phagocytes
T helper
- produce interleukins that
- Stimulate b cells to increase antibody production
- stimulate production of other T cells
- Attract macrophages
T killer
- destroy pathogens
T memory
Provide immunological memory
Stay in body for a long time
Secondary response, divide to form lots of T killer cells
T regulator
- insures body recognises self antigens
- Stops immune response once pathogen is gone
- Prevent auto immune response
B effector cell
Divide to form plasma cell
Plasma cell
Produce antibodies and release into circulation
B memory
Provide immunological memory remember antigen
Primary immune response
- Pathogen enters the body and comes in contact with a macrophage
- phagocytosis macrophage presents foreign antigen to the immune system(APC)
- Virgin Band T cells undergo clonal selection for complimentary shape to antigen
- Clonal expansion
- Differentiate to different types
Secondary response
- memory b and t lymphocytes
- Quicker longer stronger
Function of antigen biding site
Complementary shape to antigen
Binds to antigen
Function of disulphide bridge
Stabilises and holds tertiary structure of antibodies
Function of constant region
Bonds to receptors on phagocytes
Hinge Region function
Flexibility for antibody to bind to more than one antigen on more than one pathogen
Antibody acting as opsonin
- makes the antigen antibody complex more easily engulfed by phagocytes
Antibody acting as aglutinan
Antigen antibody complexes clump together, preventing them spreading through the body and easy phagocytosis
Antibody acting as anti toxin
Bind to toxins to make them harmless
Autoimmune disease
Immune system stops recognising self cells and attacks them
Example of an autoimmune disease
Type one diabetes
Arthritis
Lupus
Natural active immunity
Body produces own antibodies and memory cells such as primary and secondary immune response
Natural passive immunity
In fetus antibodies pass across placenta
In newborn babies get antibodies from breastmilk until immune system can make our antibodies
Artificial passive immunity
Antibodies extracted from other individuals injected to another can be from animals
Artificial active immunity
Vaccination promotes body to make own antibodies
