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A-level Biology > Chapter 12 - Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria diseases

A

TB
Bacterial meningitis
Ring rot

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2
Q

Virus diseases

A

HIV/AIDS
Tobacco virus
Influenza

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3
Q

Protist diseases

A

Malaria
Potato blight

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4
Q

Fungi diseases

A

Black Sigatoka
Athletes foot/ringworm

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5
Q

TB

A

Damages and destroys lung tissue
Suppresses immune system
Body less able to fight other diseases

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6
Q

Ring rot

A

Damages leaves tubers and fruit
No cure

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7
Q

TMV

A

Damages leaves, flowers and fruit
Stunts Growth

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8
Q

Malaria

A

Caused by plasmodium
Female anopheles mosquitoes are the vector
Invade red blood cells

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9
Q

Potato blight

A

Destroy leaves, tuber and fruit

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10
Q

Black Sigatoka

A

In bananas, turn leaves black

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11
Q

Athletes foot/ringworm

A

There are different types of ringworm, different fungi
Athletes foot is a type of ringworm
Digest skin between toes

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12
Q

Animal direct disease transmission

A
  • contact
  • Inoculation
  • ingestion
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13
Q

Animal indirect disease transmission

A
  • formites
  • Droplet
  • vectors
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14
Q

What factors affect transmission of diseases in animals?

A

Overcrowding poor nutrition climate change

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15
Q

Plants direct disease transmission

A
  • Healthy plant in contact with unhealthy plant
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16
Q

Plant indirect disease transmission

A
  • soil contamination
  • Vectors: wind (spores) water, animals, humans
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17
Q

What factors affect transmission of diseases in plants?

A

Crowding poor mineral nutrients, warm damp conditions, climate change

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18
Q

Callose deposition

A
  • plant attacked by pathogen
  • Plant synthesises lots of the polysaccharide callose
  • callose deposited into cell walls and cell surface membranes of neighbouring cell strengthened with lignin
  • Forms a barrier against pathogens
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19
Q

Plant chemical defences

A
  • insect repellent and insecticides
  • Anti- bacterial compound
  • Antifungal compounds
  • Toxins eg. Form Cyanide compounds.
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20
Q

Non-specific defences

A

Skin
Mucous membrane
Hydrochloric acid and stomach
Expulsive reflexes
Inflammatory response
Wound repair
Blood clotting

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21
Q

Blood clotting

A

Platelets come in contact with collagen and adhere and secrete
Thromboplastin - triggers formation of blood clot
Serotonin - smooth muscle contraction to narrow blood vessels and limit blood supply

22
Q

Wound repair

A
  • epidermal cells under the scab grow to seal wound
  • damage blood vessels regrow
  • Collagen gifts, epidermis strength
23
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Mast cells activated and release histamines and cytokines

24
Q

Histamines

A
  • blood vessel dilation raises temperatures to prevent reproduction of pathogens
  • increase leakiness of vessels blood plasma tissue fluid causes swelling
25
Q

Cytokines

A

Attract phagocytes for phagocytosis

26
Q

Two types of phagocyte

A

Neutrophil and macrophage

27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-pathogens release chemicals that attract phagocyte
- phagocyte recognises non-human proteins in pathogen
- pathogen encloses in phagosome
- phagosome plus lysosome—> phagosome
- Enzymes from lysosome digest pathogen

28
Q

What do phagocytes release after engulfing pathogen, what does it do

A

Cytokines- cell signalling to other phagocytes body is attacked

29
Q

Opsonins

A
  • chemical binds to pathogens so they’re more easily recognised by phagocytes
30
Q

T helper

A
  • produce interleukins that
  • Stimulate b cells to increase antibody production
  • stimulate production of other T cells
  • Attract macrophages
31
Q

T killer

A
  • destroy pathogens
32
Q

T memory

A

Provide immunological memory
Stay in body for a long time
Secondary response, divide to form lots of T killer cells

33
Q

T regulator

A
  • insures body recognises self antigens
  • Stops immune response once pathogen is gone
  • Prevent auto immune response
34
Q

B effector cell

A

Divide to form plasma cell

35
Q

Plasma cell

A

Produce antibodies and release into circulation

36
Q

B memory

A

Provide immunological memory remember antigen

37
Q

Primary immune response

A
  • Pathogen enters the body and comes in contact with a macrophage
  • phagocytosis macrophage presents foreign antigen to the immune system(APC)
  • Virgin Band T cells undergo clonal selection for complimentary shape to antigen
  • Clonal expansion
  • Differentiate to different types
38
Q

Secondary response

A
  • memory b and t lymphocytes
  • Quicker longer stronger
39
Q

Function of antigen biding site

A

Complementary shape to antigen
Binds to antigen

40
Q

Function of disulphide bridge

A

Stabilises and holds tertiary structure of antibodies

41
Q

Function of constant region

A

Bonds to receptors on phagocytes

42
Q

Hinge Region function

A

Flexibility for antibody to bind to more than one antigen on more than one pathogen

43
Q

Antibody acting as opsonin

A
  • makes the antigen antibody complex more easily engulfed by phagocytes
44
Q

Antibody acting as aglutinan

A

Antigen antibody complexes clump together, preventing them spreading through the body and easy phagocytosis

45
Q

Antibody acting as anti toxin

A

Bind to toxins to make them harmless

46
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Immune system stops recognising self cells and attacks them

47
Q

Example of an autoimmune disease

A

Type one diabetes
Arthritis
Lupus

48
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Body produces own antibodies and memory cells such as primary and secondary immune response

49
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

In fetus antibodies pass across placenta
In newborn babies get antibodies from breastmilk until immune system can make our antibodies

50
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Antibodies extracted from other individuals injected to another can be from animals

51
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Vaccination promotes body to make own antibodies

A-level Biology (16 decks)

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