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A-level Biology > Chapter 10 - Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define taxonomy

A

the study of the principles of classification of organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics

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2
Q

what are the taxonomic groups

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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3
Q

how to describe the taxonomic groups

A

heirarchical

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4
Q

What system of classification has been recently added, where does it fall

A

The domain system, above kingdom (at the top of the hierarchy)

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5
Q

Reasons for classification

A
  • identification of a species
  • prediction of characteristics
  • identification of evolutionary links
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6
Q

what is the purpose of having a universal system of classification

A
  • understood worldwide by scientists so they can share their research and see links between different organisms even on different continents
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7
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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8
Q

define species

A

a group of individual organisms whose members are able to interbreed freely to produce fertile, viable offspring

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9
Q

define classification

A

The process by which living organisms are sorted into groups, organisms in the same group share similar features

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10
Q

why are hyrbrids infertile

A
  • different numbers of chromosomes so they cannot pair to form bivalents
  • crossing over of DNA cant occur
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11
Q

features of Eukarya

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • nucleus
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12
Q

features of archaea

A
  • live in harsh environments
  • phospholipid monolayer
  • circular dna
  • no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
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13
Q

features of bacteria

A
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
  • circular dna
  • no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
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14
Q

who and why made domain system

A

carl woese noticed the rRNA of prokaryotes had differences
- differences in protein synthesis

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15
Q

why use binomial nomenclature

A
  • globally recognized to avoid confusion
  • show close relation
  • easy sorting
  • every single species has a unique name
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16
Q

what does binomial nomenclature show

A

genus (capital)
species (lowercase)

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17
Q

how to write binomial nomenclature (typed/written)

A

typed: italics
written: underlined

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18
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista
  • Prokaryotae
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19
Q

what are the levels of classification

A

molecular, embryological, anatomical and behavioural

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20
Q

ribosomes/ protein synthesis of eukarya

A

80S
rna polymerase has 12 proteins

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21
Q

ribosomes/ protein synthesis of archaea

A

70S
rna polymerase has 8-10 proteins

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22
Q

ribosomes/ protein synthesis of bacteria

A

70S
rna polymerase has 5 proteins

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23
Q

define phylogeny

A

the study of how closely related different species are (evolutionary relationships)

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24
Q

define phylogenetic classification

A
  • differentiating organisms on genetics
  • more similar dna or amino acid sequence = more closely related
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25
Q

what validates scientific research

A
  • conferences
  • reproduceable
  • repeatable
  • experimental research
26
Q

advantages of phylogeny

A
  • produces continuous tree
  • not put in specific groups they may not fit
27
Q

define evolution

A

the gradual change in heritable traits of organisms over successive generations)

28
Q

what 4 observations did Darwin make

A
  • organisms produce more offspring than can survive
  • variation in characteristics of the same species
  • characteristic passes on
  • best adapted individuals survive
29
Q

principles of natural selection

A
  • overproduction of species leads to competition
  • variation due to mutation
  • selection by adaptation
  • breed and pass on characteristics
30
Q

how is palaeontology evidence for evolution

A
  • fossils of simplest organisms found in oldest rocks
  • dating sediment
  • oldest rock further down
  • there are gaps in fossil record
31
Q

how is comparative anatomy evidence for evolution

A
  • homologous structures eg. pentadactyl limbs
  • evidence of convergent evolution
32
Q

how is comparative biochemistry evidence for evolution

A
  • similarities dna base sequence
  • similarities amino acid sequences
  • study rRNA and cytochrome c
33
Q

define interspecific variation

A

variation between members of different species

34
Q

examples of interspecific variation

A

number of legs of species

35
Q

define intraspecific variation

A

variation between organisms within a species

36
Q

examples of intraspecific variation

A

humans: height, eye colour

37
Q

define genetic variation

A

differences in genetic material an organism inherits from its parents

38
Q

define environmental variation

A

variation due to the environment an organism lives in

39
Q

causes of genetic variation

A
  • alleles
  • mutation
  • meiosis (crossing over)
40
Q

causes of environmental variation

A

for plants: sunlight, climate (they’re less mobile)

41
Q

examples of variation that is both environmental and genetic

A
  • height: genetic and due to diet and health
42
Q

Define continuous variation

A

A characteristic that can hold any value in a given range

43
Q

What shape does continuous variation usually take

A

Normal distribution- bell curve

44
Q

Define discontinuous variation

A

A characteristic that can only result in certain values

45
Q

define anatomical adaptation

A

physical features (internal and external)

46
Q

examples of anatomical adaptations

A
  • body coverings (hair, scales)
  • camouflage
  • teeth/ jaw
  • mimicking another animals sound/ appearance
47
Q

define behavioural adaptations

A

how an organism acts - can be inherited/ learnt from parents

48
Q

examples of behavioural adaptations

A
  • survival behaviours (acting dead etc.)
  • attracting a mate
  • seasonal behaviour (migration/ hibernation)
49
Q

2 categories of behavioural adaptations

A

innate and learnt

50
Q

define innate behaviour

A

ability due to inherited from genes eg. spiders and webs

51
Q

define learned behaviour

A

adaptations learnt from experience/ observing others eg. using tools

52
Q

define physiological adaptation

A

processes that occur within an organism

53
Q

examples of physiological adaptations

A
  • producing poison
  • producing antibiotics
  • water storage
54
Q

define homologous structure

A

similar anatomical structure, but not superficial structure

55
Q

define analogous structure

A

similar superficial structure that performs similar roles, but different anatomical structures

56
Q

why do homologous structures arise

A

due to divergent evolution

57
Q

why do analogous structures arise

A

due to convergent evolution

58
Q

example of convergent evolution

A

placental and marsupial mole

59
Q

define the founder effect

A

the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small subset of individuals from a larger population

60
Q

how does founder population differ to original population

A
  • reduced variation
  • fewer genotypes and phenotypes

A-level Biology (16 decks)

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