Chapter 12: Alcohols & Carbonyls Flashcards
How does an alkyne react with NaNH2?
An alkynide anion is formed (C≡C:-)
How is a GRIGGY reagent formed from an alkyl halide?
Magnesium turnings
How is a GRIGGY reagent formed from benzene?
First bromination using Br2 and FeBr3, then addition of magnesium turnings
Aldehydes are reduced to…
primary alcohols
Ketones are reduced to…
secondary alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced using…
LiAlH4 or NaBH4
Carboxylic acids and esters can be reduced using…
LiAlH4
Esters and carboxylic acids are reduced to…
primary alcohols
LiAlH4 and NaBH4 are…
reducing agents
CrO3, H2CRO4, KMnO4, and PCC are…
oxidizing agents
Primary alcohols oxidize to…
aldehydes, then carboxylic acids
Secondary alcohols oxidize to…
ketones
Tertiary alcohols oxidize to…
tertiary alcohols do not oxidize!
What oxidizing agent can be used to prevent further oxidation to carboxylic acid?
PCC
What groups cannot be part of a GRROG reagent?
4 categories
Alcohols
Amines
Carbonyl compounds
Nitriles
Which carbon is preferred by GROGN reagents in an epoxy ring?
The least substituted carbon
What happens when a GROGY reagent attacks an ester?
A tertiary alcohol with two “GROGY” groups is formed, plus a primary alcohol
GEOUNGY reagent reacting with CO2 produces…
a carboxylic acid
