Chapter 12

Question 1

Define plagiarism

Answer 1

Using someone else’s language, ideas, or other original material without acknowledging its source.

Question 2

Define global plagiarism

Answer 2

When a person uses an entire document as his or her own.

Question 3

Define patchwork plagiarism

Answer 3

When several documents are combined into one document

Question 4

Define text stealing

Answer 4

When a person uses another persons word but does not give credit to the source

Question 5

Define self plagiarism

Answer 5

When you use your previously original work as new

Question 6

Describe a reference list

Answer 6

A list of all sources cited in a presentation. It conforms to specific guidelines such as APA or MLA.

Question 7

Define credibility

Answer 7

Someone we perceive as being trustworthy and believable.

Question 8

Describe ethos, pathos, and logos.

Answer 8

Ethos: credibility and ethical appeal. Why you are qualified. Key words: knowledge and sincerity. Examples: firsthand experience, related to your work, done reading on the subject.
Pathos: passion and emotion. Key idea: evoking an emotional response. examples: tone of voice, gestures, eye contact.
Logos: logic, structure, evidence, and support. Key ideas: deductive and inductive reasoning.

Question 9

Define deductive reasoning

Answer 9

Using general conclusions to reach a specific conclusion.

Example: starting with volunteering is good for your health and ending with you should volunteer at Animal Allies.

Question 10

Define Inductive reasoning

Answer 10

Using specifics to reach a general conclusion

Example: Volunteering at Mentor Duluth makes me feel happy so volunteering in general creates positive experiences.

Question 11

What are the seven most common logic/reason fallacies?

Answer 11

1. Non-sequitur argument
2. Ad hominem
3. Red herring
4. Either/or arguments
5. Slippery slope
6. Hasty generalization
7. Bandwagon

Question 12

Describe non-sequitur arguments

Answer 12

A fallacy that does not follow a logical conclusion. Aka the conclusion is unrelated to the argument.
Example: I will be a good mother because I have blonde hair

Question 13

Describe ad hominem

Answer 13

A fallacy that means attacking a person instead of the information the person presented. Think politics.
Example: The senators environmental protection bill should not be passed because he is a liberal moron stealing our tax dollars. (Attacking the person on unrelated opinions)
Example: I am not going to Penn State because all the students rioted in support of their coach who was involved with a scandal. (Attacking the whole school on the action of some students)

Question 14

Describe red herring

Answer 14

A fallacy in which you derail someone from an argument by distracting them with unrelevant information.
Example: speech topic is underage drinking but student brings up problems with campus security this diverting the discussion away from the students drinking underage.

Question 15

Describe slippery slope

Answer 15

A fallacy which represents the notion that when a single step is made, a host of other consequences will follow. Often used to scare the audience into believing an argument.
Example: If I fail this test I will fail the class. If I fail the class I won't graduate. If I don't graduate, I'll never get a job.

Question 16

Describe hasty generalization

Answer 16

A fallacy in which we look at one or two examples and generalize them into a much larger concept OR we accept information that is not supported by evidence.
Example: I’ll never buy a house because the basements always flood. My cousins basement flooded last summer. (This is not evidence though it is presented as evidence)

Question 17

Describe bandwagon

Answer 17

A fallacy in which the consumer is expected to make decisions based on popularity and popular opinion. Think infomercials and celebrity endorsements.
Example: If Jennifer Aniston likes this face cream, so will I.
Example: 4 out of 5 dentists say this so it must be true.

Question 18

Secondary vs primary source

Answer 18

Primary source: information obtained from a participant or observer of the event. Autobiographies, speeches, letters, recordings, most academic journals, first hand news articles, and testimonies.
Secondary source: research or info that is at least one step removed from the event. Textbooks, scholarly books, news articles, reference books.

Question 19

Define source

Answer 19

Source: research and info attained through others work. Books, documents, newspaper, magazine, journals, websites, films, tv.

Question 20

Define periodical

Answer 20

A publication, printed or electronic, that is produced on a regular basis, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals.

Question 21

Describe closed question

Answer 21

A question that requires a one or two word answer

Question 22

Describe an open question

Answer 22

Questions that look at perspective, insight, and opinions.

Question 23

Describe author/publication bias

Answer 23

When the author/publisher has a particular point of view that will skew the information.

Question 24

What are three types of evidence used in research?

Answer 24

Statistics, testimony, examples.

Question 25

Define testimony

Answer 25

Statement or declaration by a person who has a connection to the topic. (Professionals, customer testimonies, celebrity endorsement)