Chapter 12 Flashcards
Define plagiarism
Using someone else’s language, ideas, or other original material without acknowledging its source.
Define global plagiarism
When a person uses an entire document as his or her own.
Define patchwork plagiarism
When several documents are combined into one document
Define text stealing
When a person uses another persons word but does not give credit to the source
Define self plagiarism
When you use your previously original work as new
Describe a reference list
A list of all sources cited in a presentation. It conforms to specific guidelines such as APA or MLA.
Define credibility
Someone we perceive as being trustworthy and believable.
Describe ethos, pathos, and logos.
Ethos: credibility and ethical appeal. Why you are qualified. Key words: knowledge and sincerity. Examples: firsthand experience, related to your work, done reading on the subject.
Pathos: passion and emotion. Key idea: evoking an emotional response. examples: tone of voice, gestures, eye contact.
Logos: logic, structure, evidence, and support. Key ideas: deductive and inductive reasoning.
Define deductive reasoning
Using general conclusions to reach a specific conclusion.
Example: starting with volunteering is good for your health and ending with you should volunteer at Animal Allies.
Define Inductive reasoning
Using specifics to reach a general conclusion
Example: Volunteering at Mentor Duluth makes me feel happy so volunteering in general creates positive experiences.
What are the seven most common logic/reason fallacies?
- Non-sequitur argument
- Ad hominem
- Red herring
- Either/or arguments
- Slippery slope
- Hasty generalization
- Bandwagon
Describe non-sequitur arguments
A fallacy that does not follow a logical conclusion. Aka the conclusion is unrelated to the argument.
Example: I will be a good mother because I have blonde hair
Describe ad hominem
A fallacy that means attacking a person instead of the information the person presented. Think politics.
Example: The senators environmental protection bill should not be passed because he is a liberal moron stealing our tax dollars. (Attacking the person on unrelated opinions)
Example: I am not going to Penn State because all the students rioted in support of their coach who was involved with a scandal. (Attacking the whole school on the action of some students)
Describe red herring
A fallacy in which you derail someone from an argument by distracting them with unrelevant information.
Example: speech topic is underage drinking but student brings up problems with campus security this diverting the discussion away from the students drinking underage.
Describe slippery slope
A fallacy which represents the notion that when a single step is made, a host of other consequences will follow. Often used to scare the audience into believing an argument. Example: If I fail this test I will fail the class. If I fail the class I won't graduate. If I don't graduate, I'll never get a job.
Describe hasty generalization
A fallacy in which we look at one or two examples and generalize them into a much larger concept OR we accept information that is not supported by evidence.
Example: I’ll never buy a house because the basements always flood. My cousins basement flooded last summer. (This is not evidence though it is presented as evidence)
Describe bandwagon
A fallacy in which the consumer is expected to make decisions based on popularity and popular opinion. Think infomercials and celebrity endorsements.
Example: If Jennifer Aniston likes this face cream, so will I.
Example: 4 out of 5 dentists say this so it must be true.
Secondary vs primary source
Primary source: information obtained from a participant or observer of the event. Autobiographies, speeches, letters, recordings, most academic journals, first hand news articles, and testimonies.
Secondary source: research or info that is at least one step removed from the event. Textbooks, scholarly books, news articles, reference books.
Define source
Source: research and info attained through others work. Books, documents, newspaper, magazine, journals, websites, films, tv.
Define periodical
A publication, printed or electronic, that is produced on a regular basis, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals.
Describe closed question
A question that requires a one or two word answer
Describe an open question
Questions that look at perspective, insight, and opinions.
Describe author/publication bias
When the author/publisher has a particular point of view that will skew the information.
What are three types of evidence used in research?
Statistics, testimony, examples.
Define testimony
Statement or declaration by a person who has a connection to the topic. (Professionals, customer testimonies, celebrity endorsement)
