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Pathophysiology Semester 1 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What does oral contraceptives decrease your risk of cancer in?

Increase your risk of cancer in?

A

Reduces colorectal and ovarian, endometrial cancers. •

Increase breast cancer.

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2
Q

What does the following discribe?

  • One gene or a small number of genes that can control the other genes.
  • Control genes implicated in cancer:
  • Signal transduction.
  • Cell cycle control.
  • DNA repair.
  • Cell growth and differentiation.
  • Transcriptional regulation.
  • Senescence.
  • Apoptosis.
A

Social control genes

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3
Q

What are the following?

Growth signals.

Insensitivity to antigrowth signals.

Evade apoptosis.

Limitless replicative potential.

Sustained angiogenesis.

Tissue invasion and metastasis.

A

6 hallmarks of cancer

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4
Q

how many hits does it take to suppress tumor suppressor genes?

A

Takes 2 hits (one from each parent) to inactivate both copies of a tumor suppressor gene.

  • Both copies (alleles) of the gene must be inactivated.
  • Recessive trait.
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5
Q

How do cancer cells alter membrane transport or permeability

A

Loss of fibronectin.

Decreased cellular communication

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6
Q

Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin localized in epithelium are called what?

A

Carcinoma in situ CIS

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7
Q

What does the herpes virus lead to?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial cancer cause?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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9
Q

The following definition describes what

specific abnormality of chromosome 22, which is unusually short, as an acquired abnormality that is most commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, which is specifically designated

A

•Philadelphia chromosome:

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10
Q

What do RNA viruses lead to?

A

Human T-cell leukemia virus: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

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11
Q

What are the stages of Interphase?

What is next in cell cycle after interphase?

A
  • G1: Prepares for DNA synthesis.
  • S: DNA synthesis.
  • G2: RNA and protein synthesis.

Next is MITOSES (actual division)

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12
Q

What is RAS gene

A

RAS is a signaling molucle for growth

It can get stuck “on” which would accelerate growth

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13
Q

How do cancer cells alter receptor density or configuration of cell surface

A

Decrease responsiveness to growth factors

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14
Q

Cancer arising from epithelial tissue are called?

A

carcinoma

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15
Q

The following describe what?

Encode for proteins that act as negative transducers of growth factor stimulation.

Block specific phases of the cell cycle.

Induce end-stage differentiation and senescence( deterioration with age)

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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16
Q

What happends with carcinogenesis involving tumor suppressor genes

A

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.
• Activation of oncogenes.

17
Q

The following are describing what?

Impairs immune system.

Synergistic interactions between ERT and HRT

Interferes with cell membrane permeability in breast tissue.

Activates insulin-like growth factor receptors.

A

mechanisms for alcohol for increasing risk of cancer

18
Q

The following describe what?

GDP is in resting (off) position.

  • GTP is in activated (switched on) position.
  • Inactivation requires GTPase protein.
A

RAS GENE

19
Q

This definition describes what?

  • Mutant gene whose altered function or expression results in :
  • Abnormal stimulation of cell division.
  • Proliferation in absence of growth signals.
A

Oncogenes

20
Q

What does the Epstein Barr Virus protect against?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

21
Q

Cancers arising from ductal orglandular structures are called what?

A

Adenocarcinoma

22
Q

The BRC-ABL oncogene is associated with what and what does it do?

A

Associated with Philadephia Chromosome

Ant-apoptosis cell

23
Q

This definition describes what?

•Facilitate neoplastic transformation via a cellular recessive model:
•Loss of function of both alleles.
•Function opposite proto-oncogenes.
•Gate-keeper genes:
•Directly regulate cell cycle or growth inhibition.
•Caretaker genes:
Indirectly repair DNA and maintain genomic integrity.

A

Tumor suppressor gene

24
Q

What is common with familial cancer

A

Inactivation fo tumor suppressor genes

25
Q

What is the diffrence between enviornomental asymmetry and divisional asymmetry

A

Enviormental Asymmetry = the enviorment or neighboring cells will cause a cell to be a stem cell or go through terminal differentation

Divisional asymmetry= It was something put into the cells from birth that make them a stem cell or non stem cell

26
Q

This definition describes what?

•Normal genes that participate in growth regulation.

A

•Proto-oncogenes

27
Q

Cancer of lymphatic tissue is called what?

A

Lymphoma

28
Q

What are cyclins

A

Proteins that bind and activate progression through the cell cycle

29
Q

The n-MYC oncogene is associated with what?

A

Gene amplification:

• Late-stage neuroblastoma.

30
Q

Cancers arising from connective tissue are called what?

A

Sarcoma

31
Q

What does the following describe?

Promote mutations.

Block cellular response to DNA damage.

A

Release reactive oxygen species ROS

32
Q

Environmental risk factors such as the following lead to what

  1. nitrates
  2. fats
  3. low fiber
A
  1. stomach cancer
  2. Colo-rectal cancer
  3. Colo-rectal cancer

Pathophysiology Semester 1 (7 decks)

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