Chapter 12

Question 1

cognitive control

Answer 1

executive function/control; ability to intentionally select thoughts, emotions, and behaviors based on current goals and social context

Question 2

goal-oriented behavior

Answer 2

cognitive control gives the flexibility required; ability to override automatic thoughts and behavior and step out from the realm of habitual processes

Question 3

anatomy supporting goal-oriented behaviors

Answer 3

LPFC, frontal pole (FP), and OFC; MFC guides and monitors behaviors

Question 4

cognitive control deficits

Answer 4

frontal lobe lesions may cause difficulty executing a plan and may exhibit stimulus-driven behavior

Question 5

situational factors that impair cognitive control

Answer 5

observed in many psychiatric conditions; also may be impaired by stress, loneliness, poor health, and drug/alcohol additiction

Question 6

goal-oriented action

Answer 6

deliberate behavior performed with a specific desired outcome in mind; knowledge that there is a causal link between the action and the reward

Question 7

habitual action

Answer 7

repetitive behavior triggered by environmental cues, often occurring automatically without conscious consideration of the goal itself

Question 8

working memory (cognitive control)

Answer 8

information formed by the combination of a task goal and the perceptual and long-term knowledge relevant for achieving that goal

Question 9

integrated brain-behavior model

Answer 9

individual variations in working memory were associated with multiple behavioral and health features including cognitive and physical traits and lifestyle choices

Question 10

PFC for working memory

Answer 10

WM system requires mechanism to access stored information and keep that information active; monkey with PFC lesions showed poor performance on a delayed response task, but not on associative memory task. PFC neurons show sustained activity throughout the delay period

Question 11

goal representations

Answer 11

lateral PFC activations reflect a representation of the task goal and serve as an interface with task-relevant representations in other neural regions

Question 12

normative decision theories

Answer 12

defines how people ought to make decisions that yield the optimal choice

Question 13

descriptive decision theories

Answer 13

attempt to describe what people actually do, not what they should do

Question 14

action-outcome decision

Answer 14

involves some form of evaluation (not necessarily conscious) of the expected outcomes

Question 15

stimulus-response decision

Answer 15

if an outcome is consistent, the process becomes habitual and a decision is made without necessarily considering the potential outcomes of the action

Question 16

model-based decision

Answer 16

the agent has an internal representation of some aspect of the world and uses this model to evaluate different actions

Question 17

model-free decision

Answer 17

agent has only an input-output mapping, similar to stimulus-response decisions

Question 18

representation of value

Answer 18

overlapping signals of value coding in two brain regions central to the valuation process: vmPFC and ventral striatum

Question 19

monitoring system

Answer 19

MFC and ACC is a critical part of identifying situations in which cognitive control is required; extensive connectivity with brain regions

Question 20

error-related negativity (ERN)

Answer 20

negative deflection in the event-related potential that peaks approximately 50 ms after the commission of an error, reflecting early error-processing activity of the ACC; used to increase cognitive control