Chapter 10

Question 1

current emotional model

Answer 1

emotions are valenced (pos or neg) responses to external stimuli or internal mental representations; involves multiple systems, can be learned or unlearned

Question 2

James Papez theory

Answer 2

circuit theory of brain and emotion: hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

Question 3

Paul Maclean theory

Answer 3

used term ‘limbic system’ to describe neural circuits involved with the processing of emotion; extend Papez circuit to include medial surfaces of cortex, subcortical nuclei, basal ganglia, amygdala, and OFC

Question 4

James-Lange theory

Answer 4

emotional reaction depends on how we interpret physical reaction

Question 5

appraisal theory of emotion

Answer 5

cognitive appraisal comes before emotional response or feeling (appraisal may be automatic or unconscious)

Question 6

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 6

lack of fear manifested by a tendency to approach objects that would normally elicit a fear response (damage to amygdala)

Question 7

influence of emotion

Answer 7

implicit emotional learning and fear conditioning

Question 8

emotional pathways

Answer 8

low road: directly from thalamus to amygdala without being filtered by cognition or conscious control
high road: cortical pathway

Question 9

hippocampus (emotional learning)

Answer 9

necessary for the acquisition of explicit or declarative knowledge of the emotional properties of a stimulus

Question 10

amygdala (emotional learning)

Answer 10

necessary for the acquisition and expression of an implicitly conditioned fear response

Question 11

Elizabeth Phelps instructed fear paradigm

Answer 11

1. instructed extinction facilitates learning in the majority of cases
2. instructed extinction does not affect conditional stimulus valence, fear conditioned to images of snakes and spiders, or fear conditioned with a very painful US
3. instructed extinction effects could have clinical applications and should be examined in a clinical setting

Question 12

emotionally arousing experiences

Answer 12

tend to form strong memories (amygdala); consolidation from cortisol and stress-activated neurotransmitter systems in the basolateral amygdala

Question 13

emotion and cognition

Answer 13

amygdala modulates the attentional and perceptual processes through projections to sensory cortical regions

Question 14

Damasio’s somatic markers hypothesis

Answer 14

emotional information, in the form of physiological arousal, is needed to guide behavior

Question 15

OFC associations

Answer 15

support our ability to learn to associate a complex situation with the somatic changes that usually accompany that particular situation; once identified, OFC uses these to rapidly evaluate possible behavioral responses

Question 16

insular cortex

Answer 16

key area for interoception (perception of internal body state); integrates all visceral and somatic input to for a representation of the state of the body

Question 17

insula

Answer 17

part of the brain involved in the experience of disgust

Question 18

happiness and sadness

Answer 18

not necessarily opposite; common and different regions are activated with sadness and happiness

Question 19

emotional regulation

Answer 19

processes that influence the type of emotions we have, when we have them, and how we express and experience them

Question 20

cognitive reappraisal

Answer 20

cognitive-linguistic strategy that reinterprets an emotion-laden stimuli in non-emotional terms

Question 21

emotional brain regions

Answer 21

frontal cortex plays a central role; ventrolateral PFC, dorsolateral PFC, anterior cingulate cortex