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KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 10-15 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who tested on mice?

A

Griffith.

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2
Q

What did Griffith discover?

A

Griffith discovered that when a harmless bacteria strain was combined with a harmful heat-killed bacteria strain the harmless bacteria would become virulent. This is an example of transformation

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3
Q

What does virulent?

A

Virulent means able to cause disease.

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4
Q

What is transformation?

A

Transformation is when there is a change in a phenotype caused when bacterial cells take up foreign genetic material.

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5
Q

What did Avery discover?

A

Avery found that DNA is the material responsible for transformation.

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6
Q

What did Hershey and Chase discover?

A

Using bacteriophages Hershey and Chase discovered DNA, not proteins is the source of genetic material.

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7
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

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8
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A double helix of nucleotides

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9
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Controls the production of proteins.

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10
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The monomer of DNA.

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11
Q

What are a nucleotide’s three parts?

A

Five Carbon Sugar, A phosphate group, and one nitrogen base.

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12
Q

What are the four options of nitrogen base for a nucleotide?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine.

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13
Q

Who discovered the Laws of Base-Pairing?

A

Erwin Chargaff.

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14
Q

Which nitrogen bases pair together?

A

Adenine pairs to Thymine and Cytosine pairs to Guanine.

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15
Q

How are nitrogen bases paired?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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16
Q

Who ‘discovered’ the double helix?

A

Watson and Crick.

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17
Q

Who actually discovered the double helix, but died because they were exposed to radiation?

A

Rosalind Franklin.

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18
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

A twisted ladder.

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19
Q

What are the ‘sides’ of the ‘ladders’ of DNA?

A

Alternating Sugar and Phosphate groups.

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20
Q

What are the ‘rungs’ of the ‘ladder’ of DNA

A

The base pairing Adenine to Thymine and Guanine to Cytosine nitrogen bases.

21
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do the Adenine and Thymine pair have?

A

Adenine and Thymine have two hydrogen bonds.

22
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do the Cytosine and Guanine pair have?

A

Cytosine and Guanine have three hydrogen bonds.

23
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Chromatin, which contains tightly packed DNA and histones.

24
Q

What is a histone?

A

A protein that DNA wraps around.

25
Q

What are DNA and histones combined called?

A

Nucleosome.

26
Q

What is DNA replication and when does it occur?

A

The process of making a copy of DNA during the S phase. One strand of DNA acts as a template on which the other strand is built.

27
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that unwinds the double helix?

A

DNA Helicases.

28
Q

What is a complex basic summary of DNA replication?

A

The double helix strands split and DNA polymerase adds replaces the bases for each strand. DNA polymerase then detaches from the strands.

29
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

The point where DNA splits during DNA replication.

30
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase adds new nitrogen bases during DNA replication and proofreads during DNA replication.

31
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is basically just one strand of DNA.

32
Q

What are the three kinds of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).

33
Q

What nitrogen base does RNA have that DNA doesn’t?

A

Uracil.

34
Q

What kind of sugars does RNA have?

A

Ribose sugar.

35
Q

What kind of sugar does DNA have?

A

Deoxyribose.

36
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

mRNA is an RNA produced by transcription that transmits information for protein synthesis. mRNA passes the message of DNA to ribosomes.

37
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

tRNA is a single strand of RNA that temporarily carries a specific amino acid on one end while the other has an anticodon.

38
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

rRNA is a part of the structure of ribosomes.

39
Q

What is transcription?

A

When the instructions for making proteins are passed from a gene to tRNA, which occurs inside the nucleus.

40
Q

What is a codon?

A

A codon is three nucleotides put together.

41
Q

What is translation?

A

When the instructions on the RNA molecule are used to put together amino acids and make proteins. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.

42
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in genetic material.

43
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Point mutations are when one or just a few nucleotides in a gene are changed.

44
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Frameshift mutations change the entire reading frame of the genetic message.

45
Q

What is a promoter?

A

The binding site for RNA polymerase.

46
Q

What is an operator?

A

A piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch for RNA polymerase.

47
Q

What is an operon?

A

Operons are found in prokaryotes and are both the promoter and the operator.

48
Q

What is a repressor?

A

Repressors are proteins that bind to the operator in an operon to switch off transcription.

KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 10-15 (5 decks)

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