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KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 10-15 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What size cells are most efficient?

A

Small cells.

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2
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division is when a cell divides into two clone cells.

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3
Q

Why do cells divide rather than grow?

A

Larger cells need more DNA and larger cells have more difficulty moving nutrients and waste across the cell membranes, so to avoid these issues they remain small.

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4
Q

How many cells are produced each day in an adult human?

A

2-Trillion Cells

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5
Q

How does Bacterial Cell Reproduction work?

A

They reproduce by Binary Fission, a form of asexual reproduction.

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6
Q

What are the two steps in Bacterial Cell Reproduction?

A

First DNA is copied and then the cell divides.

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7
Q

What are genes?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or a RNA molecule.

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8
Q

What is DNA?

A

Nucleic acid that stores hereditary information. DNA also contains thousands of genes.

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9
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures made of DNA and associated proteins on which genes are located.

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10
Q

What are chromatids?

A

One pair of strands of DNA that make up a chromosome.

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11
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The region where the two chromatids meet.

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12
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

A repeating sequence of cell growth and division during the life of an organism.

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13
Q

What is the G₁ phase?

A

The phase in the cell cycle where the cell doubles in size and synthesizes protein and organelles.

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14
Q

What is the S phase?

A

The phase where the cell’s DNA is copied.

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15
Q

What is the G₂ phase?

A

The phase where genetic material begins to condense, centrioles are replicated, and microtubules are arranged. Preparations to divide also begin in the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is the Mitosis phase?

A

The phase where the nucleus is divided.

17
Q

What is the Cytokinesis phase?

A

The phase where the cytoplasm of the cell is divided.

18
Q

What are the G₁, S, and G₂ phases called?

A

Interphase

19
Q

What are spindles?

A

Cell structures that are made up of centrioles and individual microtubule fibers.

20
Q

What do spindles do?

A

Spindles move chromosomes during cell division.

21
Q

What happens in the first stage of Mitosis?

A

Chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope becomes visible, and spindles form.

22
Q

What happens in the second stage of Mitosis?

A

Chromosomes move to the center of the cell to line up along the equator and spindles link the chromatids to opposite centrioles.

23
Q

What happens in the third stage of Mitosis?

A

The sister chromatids are separated from each other and are pulled toward the polar centrioles.

24
Q

What happens in the fourth stage of Mitosis?

A

The nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole and the spindles dissolve.

25
Q

What are the four stages of Mitosis called?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. (In this order)

26
Q

Where are the three checkpoints for regulating the cell cycle?

A

The first checkpoint is after the G₁ phase, which decides if the cell should even divide. The second is before the G₂ phase and checks to make sure DNA is synthesized correctly. The third is checking to make sure the cell can leave mitosis.

27
Q

Based on space, when will a cell divide?

A

Cells can only divide if there is space.

28
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Cell-Cycle Regulators.

29
Q

What are Internal Regulators?

A

Proteins that respond to evens inside the cell, such as checkpoint proteins.

30
Q

What are External Regulators?

A

Proteins that respond to events outside the cell such as growth factors.

31
Q

What is the name of the disease that occurs when cells divide rapidly?

A

Cancer.

32
Q

What is the Deletion mutation?

A

When one or more nucleotides on a chromosome are removed.

33
Q

What is the Duplication mutation?

A

When a chromosome will carry two copies of a gene.

34
Q

What is the Inversion mutation?

A

When a chromosome reattaches in a reverse orientation on a homologous chromosome.

35
Q

What is the Translocation mutation?

A

When a chromosome reattaches on a nonhomologous chromosome.

KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 10-15 (5 decks)

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