chapter 12-13 abnormal behavior + treatment Flashcards
psychological disorders
bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts.
depression and schizophrenia
exist in all cultures, so that means STRONG GENETIC LINKS to mental disorders
abnormal vs disordered
abnormal: we are all abnormal at times, we are sad and anxious sometimes
disorders: are when abnormal behaviors are continuous and disruptive
a psychological disorder is
a syndrome that is a significant disturbance in a person’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
the 3 characteristics of abnormal behavior (ddd)
deviant - culturally abnormal behavior (watering your garden in the rain)
dysfunctional - the behavior doesn’t provide a function
distress - behavior that causes distress
deviant has to include distress and dysfunctional
ancient treatment of mental illness (treph..)
they thought people with mental illness were being possessed by spirits so they would…
- use trephination where they screwed a hole in its head
- cage them like an animal
- burned
- beaten
- transfusion of blood with animals’ blood
what was “the medical model”
the idea that diseases, as well as psychological disorders, need to be diagnosed, treated, and cured. the medical model caused a shift in the mindset of treatment
the biopsychosocial approach is
the modern way we go about mental illnesses
when we factor in biological influences (evolution, brain chemistry)
when we factor in psychological influences (stress, trauma)
when we factor in social influences
(expectations, social pressure)
the DSM (diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders)
is the mental disorder “bible”
describes the disorders
describes the symptoms
describes the treatments
describes EVERYTHINGGGGGGG
it provides reliable diagnoses
300 mental illnesses!
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which a person is
- continuously tense
- continuously apprehensive
- continuously in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
-2/3 are women
panic disorder
- panic attacks
- short + sudden feelings of intense anxiety
- they start avoiding situations that cause panic
a specific phobia
-persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
- genetically inherited
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- negative reinforcement
- unwanted obsessions (thoughts)and compulsions (actions)
- anxiety-inducing obsessions
- high metabolic activity in the frontal lobes
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- haunting memories
- nightmares
- social withdraw
- flashbacks
- jumpy anxiety
freud labeled anxiety as (ff)
free floating
stimulus generalization
you can create generalized anxiety by generalizing anxiety-inducing stimulus
reinforcement
negatively reinforcing behavior when you avoid the anxiety-inducing stimulus
fear is inforced through…
observational learning
schizophrenia
- delusions
- disorganized speech
- hallucinations
- catatonic behavior (disturbances in speech, activity, and responsiveness)
delusional thinking (along with schizophrenia)
believing things that are not true
disorganized speech and thoughts (along with schizophrenia)
- loose associations) rapidly shifting between topics that are not similar or connected
- perseveration) repeating the same thing over and over
- made up words) they only have meaning to the speaker
- rhyming words without meaning
hallucinations (along with schizophrenia)
false sensory experiences) hearing voices, seeing things, smelling things, feeling something on you
selective attention failure (along with schizophrenia)
inability to focus well on just one thing, all the noises you hear are the same volume
catatonia (along with schizophrenia)
when you are motionless or full of motion
the flat effect (along with schizophrenia)
showing no emotion (laughing at a funeral)
positive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
positive symptoms = hallucinations or disorganized talking
negative symptoms = the absence of appropriate behavior
chronic vs cute schizophrenia
chronic develops slowly and recovery is doubtful
acute develops rapidly and recovery is better
cognitive deficits of schizophrenia
decrease in memory, slower processing speed, lack of attention
schizophrenia is associated with…
dopamine overactivity (6x more than normal) causes positive symptoms, interference with glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) can produce negative symptoms,
the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia
people that have a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia are more likely than those that don’t have that predisposition during very stressful situations (increased cortisol)
schizophrenia brain
- too much tissue loss, (in the parietal lobe where they feel touch differently, too much loss in the temporal lobe makes them hear things differently)
- MRIs detect these brain abnormalities
- schizophrenia is not defined by just one brain abnormality, but problems with several brain regions and their interconnections**
- people with schizophrenia have decreased prefrontal cortex activity
viral infection to schizophrenia
individuals who contract the flu in the 2nd trimester of their fetal development have been observed to develop schizophrenia more
polygenetic
where many genes contribute to schizophrenia
personality disorders
characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
borderline personality disorder
- a pervasive instability in moods
- experience intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety.
- unstable relationships.
- engage in risky behaviors
narcissistic personality disorder
- a self-focused and self-inflating disorder
histrionic personality disorder
- excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- seductive behavior
- discomfort when not the center of attention
antisocial personality disorder
- used to be called a sociopath/psychopath
- exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family
- failure to conform to social respect
- lack of remorse
- just all over the place
- maoa gene where a males experience emotion flatline
- maoa gene combined with a traumatic experience causes trauma and can make them serial killers
- aspd onset is usually before 8 years old
serial killers experience reduced activity in the
frontal lobes! duh, 11% less frontal lobe tissue to be exact, this explains the impulsivity of killing
adhd
- often fails to give close attention to details
- has difficulty sustaining attention to tasks
- often does not listen when spoke to directly
- difficulty organizing tasks
- loses things, gets distracted, forgetful
autism spectrum disorders (giada and kasidy)
includes:
1) PDD-NOS
2) autistic disorder
3) asperger’s disorder
PDD-NOS
- autistic disorder
- impaired communication OR
impaired social interaction OR
repetitive behaviors/interests
autistic disorder
- impaired social interaction
- impaired communication
- repetitive behaviors/interests
- giada has this
asperger’s disorder
- autistic disorder
- impaired social interaction
- NORMAL communication and language development
- repetitive behaviors/interests
the three functional levels of autism
ASD LEVEL 1) requires some support
ASD LEVEL 2) requires substantial support
ASD LEVEL 3) requires very substantial support
body dysmorphic disorder
- perceived flaws in physical appearance
- seeing yourself as a different size/traits than what actually you are/have
tourette’s syndrome
- includes both motor tics (involuntary rapid movement) and vocal tics (involuntary vocalizations)
- usually genetic
- starts young (6-10)
insanity
when you have a mental illness so severely that you cant distinguish fantasy from reality, psychosis
- they tried to treat this by strapping them down to a chair to have them regain their sensibilities!
- they also had people gawk at them as if it was a zoo.
Philippe Pinel and Dorthea Dix
Founded HUMANE movements to care for the mentally ill
psychotherapy
consists of interactions between a therapist and someone seeking to overcome their psychological difficulties. (talk therapy)
the eclectic approach therapy
using both biomedical therapy (medicine/surgery) and psychotherapy (talk therapy) to treat mental illness
biomedical approach therapy
getting surgery for mental illness or getting medication for mental illness
psychoanalysis therapy
freud! invented psychotherapy (talk therapy)
- focused on childhood trauma, repressed feelings, and dream interpretation.
- goal was to bring the repressed feelings into awareness
- used free association (talking without a filter) but had a problem with resistance (the editing of feelings)
- transference is when you feel intense like or dislike to your therapist
psychodynamic therapy
face-to-face therapy, they try to find themes in a patients life, more intimate than psychotherapy
interpersonal psychotherapy - a variation of psychodynamic therapy, treats depression, its goal is symptom relief.
humanistic therapists
- focuses on personal growth, not issues
- boost self fulfillment, maximizes self acceptance.
-focuses on the present+future more than the past
- focuses on your CONSCIOUS feelings
insight theories (part of humanistic therapies)
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
client centered therapy (part of humanistic therapies)
Carl Rodgers!
- goal is to provide the client with unconditional positive regard. (accepting them no matter what)
- helps the patients develop self-acceptance
- active listening is used, where the listener acknowledges what they just said by restating, nodding, yeah.
behavior therapy
addresses bad behavior and treats it.
cognitive dissonance
dissonance is the anxious feeling we feel when our attitudes don’t line up with our actions
when someone experiences dissonance, they adjust their attitudes closer to their actions to reduce dissonance
chappelle adjusted his attitude NOT HIS BEHAVIOR when he stole accidentally and he didn’t go back in to pay for it.
what is included in biomedical therapy
1) psychosurgery
2) brain stimulation
3) drug therapies
what is the study of drug effects on mind and behavior called?
psychopharmacology
classical antipsychotics vs atypical antipsychotics
classical) removes positive symptoms of schizophrenia
atypical) removes negative symptoms of schizophrenia
some anti-anxiety drugs and what they do
Xanax and Ativan
- depress the central nervous system
- inhances GABA effect
- this can cause dependence on the drug because your brain gets used to it
some anti-depressant drugs and what they do
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil are SSRIs
- they improve the mood and elevate serotonin
- they have a lot of side effects like weight gain, hypertension, dry mouth, and dizziness.
- they help create new neurons (that’s why they take weeks to work)
the placebo effect on medication for mental illness
75% is the placebo effect for how medication works
the placebo effect enhances the drugs effect because you are hopeful
wth is lithium carbonate
lithium carbonate is a common salt that stabilizes mood for manic disorders.
what are some brain stimulation therapies
- electroconvulsive therapy, they put electric things on their head and it shocks them, treats depression like with Lottie in YELLOWJACKETSSSS
- stimulates neural connections
- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, stimulates the frontal lobe with a magnetic coil, less side effects, treats depression
counterconditioning
conditioning new responses to stimuli that helps get rid of unwanted responses once afraid
aversive conditioning
(a)versive
(a)lcohol
ex. the inclusion of a nauseating drug into alcohol so whenever they drink it they throw up so they wont want to drink it anymore
behavior modification
- includes operant conditioning
- a treatment that rewards desired behavior and punishes undesired behavior.
- this can include the treatment of a “token economy” where the patient is given a token when they do the right behavior
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
- includes the belief that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
- ex. if we believe that we are worthless (thought) then we can form depression, and the other way around
studies in cognitive psychology include:
DCSPFJMD (don’t mind this it helps me remember)
1) how we develop concepts
2) how we solve problems
3) how we make decisions
4) how we form judgements
Beck’s therapy for depression
Beck believes that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy, and that’s why they can’t recover from it.
- his therapy made patients reverse the “catastrophizing” beliefs about themselves so they could recover from depression
- his patients had to understand that their thoughts were irrational
rational emotive behavior therapy
a type of cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges peoples attitude towards themselves to reduce depression
stress inoculation training
- a therapy that trains people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations
- turns learned helplessness into self-fulfilling prophecy
ex.
This exam is so hard I’m going to do so bad (learned helplessness)
VS.
This exam is so hard but I know I can do it and get through it. (self-fulfilling prophecy)
cognitive-behavior therapy and (its in the name)
cognitive-behavior therapy aims to adjust the way we think AND the way we behave
group therapy
when a group of 6-9 people(hehe) have a therapy session
it can be cheaper and more effectiveeeee
therapy critics
a lot of people say therapy is not effective, that the improvement of people is just because they allowed time to heal them, that clients say they have improved only because they have been paying for it, bla bla bla
what is meta-analysis
the processes of collecting data from studies
its when thousands of studies showed that psychotherapy is in fact EFFECTIVE!
which therapy/therapies is/are most effective for depression?
1) behavior therapy
2) cognition therapy
3) interpersonal therapy
which therapy/therapies is/are most effective for anxiety?
1) cognition therapy
2) exposure therapy
3) stress inoculation
which therapy/therapies is/are most effective for bulimia?
1) cognitive-behavior therapy
i would include more therapies for this but it is what’s on the slideshow
which therapy/therapies is/are most effective for a phobia?
1) behavior therapy
how do you treat seasonal affective disorder
with light exposure therapy (putting a light on their face, mimics the sunlight)
three commonalities shared by all forms of psychotherapy (rph)
1) a caring and empathetic (r)elationship
2) a new (p)erspective
3) (h)ope for demoralized people
cultures and values in psychology
psychotherapists are different from each other from their past beliefs, values, and cultural backgrounds
all therapists are different
