test 5 Flashcards
a hierarchy of motives theory (maslow)
PYRAMID OF HUMAN NEEDS
1: (bottom) need to live, FOOD + WATER
2: need to feel safe, SHELTER
3: need to LOVE + BE LOVED
4: need to have ACHIEVEMENTS + SELF-ESTEEM
5: need to LIVE UP TO FULL POTENTIAL
6: need to find SELF IDENTITY
eriksons stage 1 of development:
watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5FcINFANCY 0-1
trust vs. mistrust
eriksons stage 2 of development:
TODDLERHOOD 1-2
autonomy vs. shame
(them beginning to learn to exercise their own will vs. feeling shame)
eriksons stage 3 of development:
PRESCHOOLER 3-5
initiative vs. guilt
(starting to take action on their own vs feeling shame)
eriksons stage 4 of development:
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 6-11
competence vs. inferiority
(they learn the pleasure of applying eriksons stage 1 of development: independently vs.
eriksons stage 5 of development:
ADOLESENCE 12-20
mOsT imPorTant sTAGe
identity vs. role confusion
(developing identity vs. confused with identity)
eriksons stage 6 of development:
YOUNG ADULTHOOD 20-40
intimacy vs. isolation
(starting a family vs. being sad that your not having a family)
eriksons stage 7 of development:
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 40-60
generativity vs. stagnation
(productive and contributing to society vs. feelin a lack of purpose
eriksons stage 8 of development:
LATE ADULTHOOD 60+
integrity vs. dispair
(having moral principles/being satisfied with your life vs. regretting not doing this in your life)
emerging adulthood
when marriage and kids starts later than it did in 1890
middle adulthood
you decline physically
old age and sensory abiities
intelligence stays the same, thinking quickly drops off, hearing goes
cross sectional study vs longitudial study
a study in which people of different ages are compared to one another
vs
a study where the same people are studied
5 stages of death by Elizabeth Hubler-ross
1) Denial
2) Anger
3) Bargaining
4) Depression
5) Acceptance
the instinct theory
(motivation)
-evolutionary perspective
-genetically predisposed behaviors help keep us alive
-fails to explain most human motives
the drive-reduction theory
-the drive and need for homeostasis causes us to behave the way we do
-incentive*** an environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
optimum arousal theory
-YERKES-DODSON arousal theory
-focuses on finding the right level of arousal and stimulation
-boredom
a hierarchy of motives
-abraham maslow
-pyramid of human needs
motivational conflict theories
-approach-approach conflict
-approach-avoidance conflict
-avoidance-avoidance conflict
set point
your neutral body weight
what part of the brain controls hunger?
the hypothalamus
-lateral hypothalamus stimulated=makes hunger
-the orexin hormone is released and causes hunger
-ventromedial hypothalamus stimulated=stops hunger
emotion
a response of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, and concious experience.
psychological arousal
heart beating
expressive behaviors
making a face
conscious experience
thoughts that show emotion
what did Darwin say about emotion?
Darwin said that emotion is adaptive.
the Common Sense View of emotion?
where conscious awareness (feeling) comes before the emotional response (crying)
the James-Lange theory of emotion?
the emotional response (flinch, heart rate increase) comes before the conscious awareness (feeling scared)
THE BOOK DROPPING OMG.
the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously
the Two-Factor theory of emotion?
Schachter and Singer
emotions have two factors; physical arousal AND cognitive label
once my heart starts racing, i realize it and label what i am doing, then emotion comes (reaction)
realization+label = reaction
what did Joseph LeDoux do?
LeDoux studied danger with processing.
slow high road = sense something, understand the context, fear/maybe no fear
speedy low road = see something, produces fear
the Spillover Effect
an arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
what did Hary Harlows study?
Harlows studied contact comfort
he studied this by putting a monkey in a habitat with a wire monkey that fed the monkey, and a cloth monkey that didn’t feed it. He found that the monkey stayed close to the comfy monkey rather than the one that fed it.
bodily contact
bodily contact provides affection + security, it is the FOUNDATION OF ATTATCHMENT
what are the origins of attachment?
familiarity - repeated exposure = liking more
imprinting - form attachments at critical periods in their life, the first moving thing it sees.
what did Mary Ainsworth study?
she made a study called “The Strange Situation”, and she studied attachment in children to their mother. In this study, she put children in a room to play with their mom, then the mom left, and then the mom came back. She studied the different reactions of the kids.
what did 70% of kids in Mary Ainsworth study do
70% of kids experienced Secure-Attachment which is where the kids are uncomfortable when their parent leaves, and are very happy and seek comfort when they come back.
what did the first 15% of kids in Mary Ainsworth study do
15% of kids experienced Insecure-Avoidant attachment, which is where the kids are very very upset when the mom leaves, and also upset when she comes back because the kid is mad at her.
what did another 15% of kids in Mary Ainsworth study do
another 15% of the kids experienced Avoidant-Attachment, where the kids do not care if their mom is there of not, they play the same amount each time and don’t notice their environment
what do Securely-Attached infants act like towards their mothers?
they have positive attachments towards their mother
what do Insecurely-Attached infants act like towards their mothers?
they have negative attachments towards their mother
self-reliance
- knowing you are able to tackle challenges
- securely-attached
- if you lack self-reliance, you are
insecurely-attached
temperament
how emotionally reactive you are, do you have a short fuse or a long fuse?
when does separation anxiety start in children?
at 13 months
what happens if a child has neglectful parents?
neglectful parents means anxiety + depression early on
self-esteem
self-esteem is how YOU FEEL about who YOU ARE
self-concepts
our understanding and evaluation of who we are as a whole person
the 10 emotions Izard isolated
1) Happiness
2) Shame/Guilt
3) Contempt
4) Interest
5) Sadness
6) Joy
7) Surprise
8) Disgust
9) Fear
10) Excitement
what part of the brain associates objects with fear?
the amygdala
catharsis
venting anger through action
anger details
- boys take out anger while girls keep it in
- keeping anger in is more effective than having an outburst
what is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon
when we feel happy, we are more willing to help others
well-being
our well-being is our satisfaction with our life
facial feedback effect
when we make a face, our brain feels that emotion
when we smile, our brain feels happy automaically
what is stress and what does it do?
stress is any circumstance that threatens our well-being
stress activates our fight/flight response which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine by stimulating the adrenal gland in the nervous system
what does a stressor do?
stressors cause a stress reaction
what are the two main ways we react to a stressful event
1) “I can do this!” = focused+determined
2) “This is too difficult.” = more stressed+distracted
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
an infant’s psychological development depends on…
their biological development.
maturation
sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it.
what indicates a maturation in the nervous system?
crawling, then standing, then walking. (motor skills)
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
what did Piaget believe?
Piaget believed that our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we make
schemas
concepts where we pour our experiences (what does that even mean?)
he used schemas to explain how we learn from our environment
assimilation
interpreting new experiences into our current schema by ADDING DETAILS
aCcommodation
C reating a new and better schema
stinky pigs can’t flyyyyyyyy
stinky = sensorimotor period, 6 months (kids lack OBJECT PERMANENCE, the ability to understand that things still exist even if you can’t see them)
pigs = preoperational stage, 6-7 years (kids lack CONSERVATION, the ability to understand proportions, the same amount of milk in each glass, just a different size glass)
can’t = concrete operational stage, 6-7 years (kids gain conservation)
fly = formal operational stage, 12 years (kids have imagined realities and symbols, not just concrete.
what is a polygraph
a polygraph is a device that measures autonomic arousal-
the frontal cortex
controls decision, a teenager’s frontal cortex lags so they make dumber decisions
cognitive development stages
8 = outside of the box thinker, struggle with constant concentration
16 = well developed pre-frontal cortex, curious and adventurous
25 = abstract thinking, problem solving, and decision making
65 = a lifetime of learning, but a smaller hippocampus (less memory)
what did Lawrence Kohlberg study
Lawrence Kohlberg studied morality, and he found stages of moral development
preconventional morality
before age 9, just going off of punishment + reward
conventional morality
9-12 going off of other approval/dissapproval (peer pressure), society’s rules + laws
post-conventional morality
12+, society’s rules that can be disregarded based on the situation, abstract ETHICAL principles
what did Diana Baumrind study
Diana Baumrind studied parenting techniques
authoritarian parenting (Diana Baumrind)
a very strict way of parenting
permissive parenting
a submissive way of parenting
authoritative parenting
a mix of strict and relaxed, this parenting technique results in self reliance
when do sex chromosomes develop and what happens when they develop?
they develop 7-8 weeks after conceptions
when they develop, neural structure develops
x chromosomes
seen in both male and female, female is X,X and male is X,Y
y chromosomes
seen only in males (X,Y)
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
the social learning theory
this says we learn by observing behavior and by getting rewarded
when puberty beings…. (2 things)
adolescence begins AND pruning of synaptic neurons begins
selective pruning
where our unused neural pathways (ways of solving problems, doing things) are lost and
re-attach stronger to the one way of doing something, makes the pathway more efficient
zygote
(before 2 weeks) the stage in prenatal development where you are a cell/egg
embryo
(2-8 weeks)
fetus
(9 weeks-birth)
teratogens
chemicals that can enter the placenta and harm the baby
the 4 phases of physiology of sex
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution (why r we learning abt this……)
habituation in developmental psychology
a decrease in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus, often used to study infant cognition and learning, where infants become less attentive to familiar stimuli
