unit 6 or something Flashcards
habituation
when Ive been around something so much that im not scared of it anymore (habitat)
associative learning
i learned to associate eating with weight gain
conditioning
the process of learning associations
operate conditioning
a behavior = a CONSEQUENCe
(bird jumps for food)
classical conditioning
a stimulus = another stimulus
(dog salivating at a bell noise)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
when i am given FOOD (STIMULUS), my brain becomes happy
unconditioned response (UR)
when i am given food, my brain BECOMES HAPPY (RESPONSE)
neutral stimulus
when i am given a box with HIDDEN FOOD (STIMULUS) it doesnt naturally make me happy,
conditioned stimulus
THE BOX (STIMULUS) is now ASSOCIATED with happy brain
conditioned response
the box is now associated with HAPPY BRAIN (RESPONSE)
acquisition
the initial learning stage in CLASSICAL conditioning, a(C)quisition (C)lassical
fixed interval schedule and variable interval schedule (behavior and reinforcement)
fixed = specific amnt of time = reward
variable = random amnt of time = reward
fixed ratio and variable ratio (behavior and reinforcement)
fixed = specific # of times = reward
variable = random # of times = reward
high order conditioning
when you add another neutral stimulus, then this makes a second response
snap–bell–salivation
snap–less salivation
extinction
when your conditioned response goes away because you saw the conditioned stimulus too many times do nothing
spontaneous recovery
when the extinct response reappears
stimulus generalization
when you have a similar stimulus to have the same response
bike bell–salivation
stimulus discrimination
when you can distinguish the difference between the bike bell and a normal bell so it doesn’t produce a response
aversive conditioning
if you lace alcohol with a drug that makes you throw up, they wont want to drink alcohol anymore
vicarious reinforcement
when i learn through observing others consequences (sister doing chores = she gets candy)
vicarious punishment
when i learn through observing others consequences (sister got yelled at for not doing chores)
mirror neurons
neurons that fire during observational learning
(i yawn when i see someone yawn)
Banduras social learning theoryyyy
we learn by observing others!!!
self efficacy
when i believe in myself to do a task successfully
positive punishment
when you administer an aversive stimulus
bad parking = parking ticket
negative punishment
when you take away a desirable stimulus
time out
punishment teaches…
punishment decreases..
punishment teaches FEAR
punishment decreases GOOD BEHAVIOR
what all did skinner believe?
- inner thought processes
- behavior was shaped by environmental factors
- behavior is shaped by consequences
- operant conditioning (where a behavior = an outcome)
- positive reinforcement, “dada”, “yay!”
cognitive maps
when you know the layout of an environment
Driving, mazes
latent learning
when you learn the knowledge of something but i don’t immediately apply it until told to or there is a reward, like the maze for the rats and they only did good when they got food immediately after. EDWARD TOLMAN
insight learning
light bulb, seen when i do riddles
intrinsic motivation
i study music because I LIKE IT
extrinsic motivation
i study random school work because i HAVE TO, i will receive punishment or reward
the overjustification effect
if you pay me to study music, i wont like doing it anymore
the overuse of bribes
if i got payed $100mil to make music, I would just not make music anymore because i have 100mil
learned helplessness
learning to quit
operant conditioning vs classical conditioning
operant) operant behavior = a consequence (SKINNER)
classical) a sitmulus = a response/ another stimulus then a response (PAVLOV)
what does reinforcement do??
it increases good behavior
positive reinforcement vs negative reinforcement?
positive = giving something to increase behavior
negative = removing something to increase behavior
types of reinforcement?
primary reinforcer = food + water
conditioned reinforcer = praise, high fives, good grades, money
immediate reinforcers = occurs immediately after behaviour
delayed reinforcers = only getting paid 2 weeks after you work
continuous reinforcer = where behavior is rewarded every time it happens, leads to quick extinction
partial reinforcement = only part of the time its rewarded
absent mindness
when i put down my phone and my mind immediately goes elsewhere so i forget where my phone is
transcience
memory storage decay over time
blocking
when i smell a scent i have smelled before but i can figure out what it is
misattribution (distortion)
confusing the source of something, “source amnesia”
suggestibility (distortion)
when misinformation taints the memory, (was there broken glass at the crash?)
bias belief (distortion)
if info corresponds with my past belief, it has to be true!
persistence
persistence is intrustion
persistence is unwanted memories happening over and over again (PTSD)
what happens if you don’t encode info into long-term memory?
you can’t remember it
storage decay (encoding failure)
when you try to remember nonsense
syllables, EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING CURVE where forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels out over time
retrieval failure
when information cant be accessed from your long-term memory
motivated forgetting
when i unknowingly revise my memories
repression
when a memory is banished because it was very stressful, A DEFENSE MECHANISM
sensory memory
you can remember lots of details but forget overtime, (when i close my eyes i can remember stuff then i forget it fast)
misinformation effect
elizabeth loftus’s studies where you think something happened that actually didnt
belief perseverance
when i believe in something and i refuse to believe the other side even though they give facts, (NOT ME BECAUSE I SEE ALL SIDES TO EVERYTHING, LIBRAAAAAAAA)
language
any way of communication
phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound of a word
BAT = 3
PAPER = 4
morphemes
a series of phonemes that carry meaning
PAGE = 1 (page)
PAGES = 2 (page, s)
PREVIEWED = 3 (pre, view, ed)
semantics
when you add ed to the end of a word to make it past tense, TIKTOKS
syntax
the rules i use to order words into sentences
the stages of language development
stage 1) the babbling stage (1)
stage 2) the one-word stage (1-2)
stage 3) the two-word stage (1-2)
stage 4) longer phrases (2)
what did noam chomsky believe
he believed that language is inborn because it is so quickly developed
what is the surface and deep layer theory
i kicked a ball with my friend - surface
the ball was a soccer ball - deep layer
what is linguistic determenism?
language determines the way I think
what is word power?
someone who already knows 2 languages will be able to learn another easier
what is prosocial behavior
positive helpful things you do to help behavior
lending a hand
sharing
comforting
what is it called when i get information into my brain?
encode / encoding
what is it called when i retain the information i just put into my brain?
storage / storing
what is it called when i recall the information that is stored?
retrieve / retrieval
working memory
is SHORT TERM MEMORY
problem solving, learning, visual, auditory, and spatial
what is included in automatic memory
space - i know where a picture is on a book page
frequency - this is the 3rd time ive passed you today
time - retracing your steps
rehearsal
CONSCIOUS repetition of info
EBBINGHAUS
ebbinghaus says what about remembering
he says that the more time you spend learning, the more you remember.
the spacing effect
i remember stuff better when i learn it over a long period of time
serial position effect
how my recall is good at the BEGINNING and END of a list, not in the middle
recency effect
how i can only recall the things at the end of the list
primacy effect
how i can only recall the things at the beginning of the list
what are the 3 types of encoding?
semantic encoding - when i understand the meaning of something by tying it to a past memory, understanding the “why”
visual encoding - the encoding of picture images, see a picture of black lungs from smoking
acoustic encoding - enoding of sound, remembering things better when they are said out loud
**elaborative rehearsal
when you use mnemonics to enhance recall
proactive interference
OLD info blocking NEW info
retroactive interference
NEW info blocking OLD info
positive transfer
when i knew about WW11 history for LOTF so it made it easier
what does long term memory have?
unlimited length!
What did Karl Lashley do?
he trained rats to navigate a maze, they stored memory in hippocampus
what happens to our neurons when we learn
there are synaptic changes
long-term potentiation
strengthens synapses + neural pathways
flashbulb memories
clear memories of emotionally siginificant moments where stress was involved
episode memory
personally meaningful memory
-grandmother dies
the method of loci
the grocery list story!!!! where i used my house, a a familiar location, to remember the list
chunking
when you take large pieces of info + break it down to remember it, 17761812…
what is the 3 stage model of memory
1- sensory memory (we register so much then forget)
2/3 - the rest of processing to long-term memory
iconic memory
visual sensory memory, it lasts 1/10 second
echoic memory
sound memory, lasts 3-4 seconds
explicit memory (long term)
memory i can EXPLAIN
I can explain the steps of an equation
implicit memory (long term)
memory that it is IMPOSSIBLE for me to
explain
I just know how to ride a bike
left damage of the hippocampus means…
i will have trouble remembering verbal info
right damage of the hippocampus means…
i will have trouble remembering visual info
anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia
anterograde - i remember the past but i CANNOT form new memories!
retrograde - i dont remember the past at all
what is infantile amnesia
where you cant remember the first 3 years of your life because you need language to form memory, also the hippocampus develops late
what does the cerebellum process
it processes implicit memory
mood congruent memory
when i’m sad, i continue to think of sad stuffffffff!!!!!!! no bueno
