Chapter 12

Question 1

all the DNA in cell

Answer 1

genome

Question 2

units of information that specify an organisms inherited trait

Answer 2

genes

Question 3

condensed, packaged DNA found in nucleus

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

entire complex of DNA and proteins that is building material of chromosomes

Answer 4

chromatin

Question 5

life of a cell from when it was first formed to its division into 2 daughter cells

Answer 5

cell cycle

Question 6

what are packaged into chromosomes?

Answer 6

DNA only

Question 7

what are the 2 types of cells that eukaryotic cells contain?

Answer 7

somatic cells: all cells in body; 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

gametes: reproductive cells; half as many chromosomes (n)

Question 8

chromosomes that have replicated but not separated from one another

Answer 8

sister chromatids

Question 9

where are sister chromatids joined together?

Answer 9

centromere

Question 10

what are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 10

interphase: cell growth and chromosome duplication

mitotic phase: mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 11

division of genetic material

Answer 11

mitosis

Question 12

division of cytoplasm

Answer 12

cytokinesis

Question 13

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

Answer 13

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 14

what are the 2 regulatory proteins involved in cycle control?

Answer 14

cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases

Question 15

cyclin-cdk complex helping the cell get past checkpoint between G2 and M

Answer 15

maturing promoting factor

Question 16

abnormal cells that remain at original site

Answer 16

benign tumors

Question 17

invades surrounding tissue

Answer 17

malignant tumors

Question 18

when cancer cells spread to other parts of body

Answer 18

metastasis

Question 19

what are the 3 important checkpoints?

Answer 19

G1, G2, M phases

Question 20

what does M checkpoint regulate?

Answer 20

makes sure daughter cells have correct amount of chromosomes

Question 21

what happens during telophase?

Answer 21

chromosomes are at opposite ends of cell, nuclei and nucleolus form

Question 22

what enzyme is used to cleave sister chromatid?

Answer 22

separase

Question 23

what happens in anaphase?

Answer 23

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends

Question 24

protein complexes associated with centromeres, each sister chromatin has one

Answer 24

kinetochores

Question 25

what happens during metaphase?

Answer 25

spindle formation complete, chromatids attach to microtubules at kinetochore, chromosomes lined up at metaphase plate

Question 26

what happens during prometaphase?

Answer 26

fragments of nuclear envelope form, centromeres attach to kinetochores

Question 27

what happens in prophase?

Answer 27

chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nucleolus disappears, centrosomes move apart

Question 28

what are external factors that influence cell division?

Answer 28

growth factors, density dependent inhibition, anchorage dependence

Question 29

what causes a release by cells to stimulate other cells to divide?

Answer 29

growth factors

Question 30

what causes crowded cells to stop dividing?

Answer 30

density dependent inhibition

Question 31

in animal cells, cells must be attached to extracellular matrix of tissue to divide, what is this?

Answer 31

anchorage dependence