Chapter 11 Flashcards
when signaling molecules allow bacteria to sense local population density
quorum sensing
a type of membrane receptor containing a region that acts as a gate when receptor changes shape (important to nervous system); stays closed until ligand binds to receptor
ligand gated ion channel
what are the 3 stages of cell signaling?
reception, transduction, response
how can signals be amplified?
through enzyme cascades
large relay proteins that can increase efficiency of signal transduction by carrying multiple proteins involved in same pathway
scaffolding proteins
what are common second messengers?
cyclic amp and calcium ion
what does protein phosphatase do?
removes phosphate from protein and can turn off signal transduction
when molecules in transduction are mostly tyrosine kinases, they create a
phosphorylation cascade
which enzyme converts ATP to CAMP?
adenylyl cyclase
what is the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor, triggering first step in a chain of molecular interations?
signal transduction pathway
why is tyrosine kinase better than g protein?
TKR allow a single ligand binding event to trigger multiple responses, g protein only does one at a time
what are molecules that activate protein production, and which genes are turned on?
transcription factors
what are 4 aspects of signal regulation?
amplification of signal, specificity of response, efficiency of response, termination of signal
what is the aggregation of bacterial cells attached to a surface?
biofilms
3 major type of receptors?
g-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, ligand ion channel receptors
