Chapter 11: Stereotyping & Prejudice

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Negative attitude
May cause people to dislike those who are different, behave discriminatorily to them, and believe they are dangerous

Question 2

Stereotypes

Answer 2

Negative beliefs/generalizations of a group
Can be more or less true (e.g. elderly are frail, Asians are good at math)

Question 3

10 Percent Problem

Answer 3

When stereotypes are overgeneralized or completely wrong

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Negative behaviour towards a group or its members with source in prejudicial attitudes (most often)
Not all prejudiced attitudes breed discrimination (hostile acts)
Much discrimination reflects no intended harm
Favouritism to people like oneself

Question 5

Racism & Sexism

Answer 5

Institutional practices that discriminate even when there is not prejudicial intent

Question 6

Implicit Association Test

Answer 6

Assesses implicit cognition by measuring speed of associations
Explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes about one target

Question 7

Benevolant Sexism

Answer 7

Sounds positive but may still impede gender equity by discouraging the hiring of women in traditionally male dominated occupations

Question 8

Hostile Sexism

Answer 8

Hostile sexism is overtly negative

Question 9

Women are Wonderful Effect

Answer 9

Favourable stereotype of women being more understanding, kind, and helpful

Question 10

System Justification Theory

Answer 10

Rationalizing the status quo
Motivation: system is just, people get what they deserve
Victim derogation: victim blaming of rape victims/poor people are lazy
Victim enhancement: poor people are happy (money doesn’t lead to happiness) - dismisses the people struggling with poverty

Question 11

Authoritarian Personality

Answer 11

Ehnocentric people share certain tendencies
Intolerance for weakness
Punitive attitude
Submissive respect for their group’s authorities
Prejudice prone

Question 12

Double Highs

Answer 12

High in authoritarian personality and social dominance orientation
Among most prejudiced people in society
Display worst qualities of each personality
Predisposed to be leaders of hate groups

Question 13

Displaced Aggression

Answer 13

Scapegoating

Question 14

Social Identity Theories

Answer 14

Categorize: useful to put people into categories as shorthand way of saying other things about the person
Identify: associate ourselves with certain groups and gain self esteem by doing so (in-groups)
Compare: contrast our groups with others, with a favourable bias to our own group (out-groups)

Question 15

In Group Bias

Answer 15

Tendency to favour one’s own group

Question 16

Colourblindness Vs. Multiculturalism

Answer 16

Colourblindness:
Don’t see race/group differences
Older approach aimed at ‘treating everyone the same’
Would argue against things like ‘affirmative action’ because is still seeing colour and not fair to whites
Multiculturalism:
Recognize and acknowledge race/group differences
Newer approach that takes into consideration historical treatment of groups and current experiences of discrimination
Would support ‘affirmative action’ as a way to combat systemic injustices because treating/evaluating people the same when people have systemic disadvantages isn’t fair

Question 17

Categorization

Answer 17

Simplify our environments by categorizing
Categorize: organize the world by clustering objects into groups
Stereotypes represent cognitive efficiency
Spontaneous categorization: rely on stereotypes when pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused

Question 18

Subtyping

Answer 18

Putting people who deviate into a different class of people
Helps us maintain the stereotypes we hold
Exceptions to the group

Question 19

Subgrouping

Answer 19

Forming a subgroup stereotype for those who don’t fit into original stereotype
Tends to lead to modest change in the stereotype as the stereotype becomes more differentiated
Acknowledged as part of overall diverse group

Question 20

Stereotype Threat

Answer 20

Self confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Fear of confirming a negative stereotype in a situation where the stereotype is relevant, and thus confirmable
Can hamper women’s learning of math rules and operations

Question 21

Old Fashioned vs. Modern Racism

Answer 21

Old fashioned: black people are generally not as smart as whites
Modern racism: Discrimination against blacks is no longer a problems in North America (microaggressions)