Chapter 11 Non-Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What determines cell response?

A

The combined effects of multiple signals.

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1
Q

What do cells in a multicellular organism communicate with?

A

Chemical Messengers via gap junctions or cell-cell recognition

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2
Q

What is the difference in Local and Long Distance signaling?

A

Local signaling is done by cells that are very close to each other. Long distance signaling is done with two cells that are far apart.

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3
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Paracrine signaling is when a cell produces a signal that induces changes in nearby cells.

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4
Q

What is Synaptic signalling?

A

Synaptic Signalling is when a neurotransmitter is sent across a gap between two cells to open gated channels.

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5
Q

What two types of ligands are there?

A

Non-polar and Polar.

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6
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A ligand is a signaller that induces a change in a target cell.

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7
Q

What can Nonpolar ligands do that Polar ligands cannot?

A

Nonpolar ligands can pass through the cell membrane unaided and bind to a cytoplasmic receptor.

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8
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Steroids toggle genes.

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9
Q

What do most water-soluble signal molecules do?

A

Most water soluble molecules bond to specific sites on receptor proteins.

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10
Q

What are the three main types of membrane receptors?

A
  1. G Protein-coupled receptors
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
  3. Ion channel receptors
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11
Q

What does an Ion channel linked receptor do?

A

An Ion channel linked receptor is characterized by a very quick opening of a ligand gated ion channel receptor.

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12
Q

What does an Ion channel linked receptor allow for the movement of?

A

Ions.

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13
Q

What is a G-protein linked receptor?

A

A G protein linked receptor is a more general receptor. A G Protein linked receptor functions by giving a GTP energy molecule to a G Protein, which in turn binds to another protein and alters its activity.

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14
Q

What is the structure of the G-protein linked receptor?

A

A G-Protein linked receptor is made up of a single polypeptide chain that goes up and down through the plasma membrane exactly seven times.

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15
Q

What is a Cascade?

A

A cascade is when a G-protein linked receptor activates a protein that activates another protein that activates another protein etc…

16
Q

What is a Kinase?

A

A Kinase is an enzyme that facilitates the transfer of a phosphate from phosphate donating molecules to proteins in order to activate or deactivate them.

17
Q

What is a Phosphatase?

A

A Phosphatase splits up a molecule into an alcohol and a phosphate.

18
Q

What is the most common receptor?

A

The G-protein linked receptor.

19
Q

What is the First Messenger?

A

The First Messenger is the initial ligand that binds to the receptor.

20
Q

What are Second Messengers?

A

Second messengers are molecules that start cascades that lead to cellular response.

21
Q

What is the first main way that G-Proteins linked receptors release second messengers?

A

The first method that G-Proteins use to release second messengers is by first activating the G-protein by giving it GTP, activating adenylate cyclase, converting ATP to cAMP, and then doing something with protein kinases. Responses vary from turning on/off a gene, activating an enzyme, and rearranging the cytoskeleton.

22
Q

What is the second main way that G-Proteins linked receptors release second messengers?

A

For the second method, G-protein linked receptors first activate a G-protein which then activates the enzyme Phospholipase C, which then breaks down a phospholipid into Inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol, releasing Calcium Ions (second messengers) in the process. These second messengers activate kinases, which in turn can do things such as turning on/off a gene, activating an enzyme, or rearranging the cytoskeleton.

23
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is cell suicide. So sad. The cell chops up all of its stuff and packs everything up and then all of its remains are digested by scavenger cells.

24
Q

How is Apoptosis useful?

A

Apoptosis is useful in minimizing damage. Apoptosis is to the multicellular organism as breaking burning buildings is to the Great Fire of London.

25
Q

What do Kinases do?

A

Kinases bring about changes such as toggling a gene, activating an enzyme, or rearranging the cytoskeleton.

26
Q

What causes Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is caused by protein misfolding, a “Death-signalling ligand” or damage to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.