Chapter 11: Memory pt. 3

Question 1

How are memories for events or places visited encoded?

Answer 1

Retrospective coding

Prospective coding

Question 2

Retrospective coding

Answer 2

where you have been

thinking about past events

Question 3

Prospective coding

Answer 3

where you need to go

imagining future events

Question 4

strategy to reduce memory load

Answer 4

switch form retrospective to prospective coding when you are half way through!
retrospective memory load increases linearly as # of places visited increases, it decreases for prospective memory as # of places visited increases

Question 5

Retro and prospective coding
Meomory load and errors
Kesner and Despain (1988)

Answer 5

Rats
- 16 arm radial maze
- allowed to enter diff # of arms on diff trials then removed for short time, then placed back in maze.
- enter 1 of 2 arms; one they HAD visited and one they HAD NOT visited.
Humans
- tested on analogous task using the computer

results:

• coding strategies varied according to ask demands
• results suggest they use a switching strategy to reduce memory load
• switch from retrospective coding to prospective coding after 8 arm entries

Question 6

Retention and rehearsal

Answer 6

• after acquisition phase!

- evidence fr rehearsal processes in working memory, comes from studies on direct forgetting

Question 7

Direct forgetting

Answer 7

forgetting that occurs bc a stimulus (a forget cue) indicates that working memory will not be tested on that trial

• important example of stimulus control in memory
• tested with variations of DMTS test
  - remember cues and forget cues

Question 8

Directed forgetting in pigeons

Roper, Kaiser, & Zentral (1995)

Answer 8

remember cue and a forget cue
R-cue = accurate matching
F-cue = disrupted memory (altered rehearsal)
Free Reward cue: anticipation of reward helps keep experiences in memory

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

once info is acquired and retained it needs to be retrieved for use

Question 10

Retrieval research is the subject of

Answer 10

reference memory research

Question 11

cues present during ___ can be used to aid in retrieval

Answer 11

acquisition

• at a given time, we only recall small portion of what we know

Question 12

retrieval processes are triggered by…

Answer 12

reminders (aka retrieval cues)

Question 13

Retrieval cues in infants

Borovsky & Rovee-Collier, 1990)

Answer 13

• Stimuli present during acquisition can be used as retrieval cues
• can cloth liner be used as a retrieval cue for instrumental response?
• instrumental response was leg kicking
• reinforcer was mobile movement

Question 14

Memory priming

Suuss et al (2012)

Answer 14

retrieval cue presented at end of retention interval, but memory is not tested until the next day

Question 15

Forgetting

Answer 15

failure to remember previously acquired info

memory failure may be a more accurate term

Question 16

Why is forgetting important for an organism?

Answer 16

can help the organism adapt and allow for flexibility when situations change and require relearning

Question 17

proactive interference

Answer 17

disruption of memory caused by exposure to stimuli BEFORE the event to be remembered

Question 18

retroactive interference

Answer 18

disruption of memory caused by exposure to stimuli FOLLOWING the event to be remembered

Question 19

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

amnesia greatest for events at the time of injury

• severe head injury causes memory loss
• animal models for retrograde amnesia

Question 20

consolidation

Answer 20

transfer of info from ST to LT memory

Question 21

Consolidation vs. retrieval failure?
Hypothermia as an amnesia agent in rats
Briggs and Riccio (2007)

Answer 21

1. shuffle box w/ one black side, one white side
2. rats fear conditioned to black side with shock
3. extinction to black side
   - retroactive hypothermia treatment either: 0, 30 or 60 min (after extinction training ended)
   - next day tested with shuttle box for fear of black side

measure: how long to enter black compartment?
No ext: did not undergo extinction (lots of fear)
ext: no fear to black side
- hypothermia disrupted consolidation in the 0 min and 30 min groups, but not the 60 min groups -> suggests consolidation failure

Question 22

Explanations of retrograde amnesia

Answer 22

consolidation window
consolidation failure explanation
retrieval failure hypothesis

Question 23

consolidation window

Answer 23

limited period after activation of memory during which memory is subject to modification by new info

• cooling to 0 or 30 min after occurred in this window; memory not consolidated
• hypothermina disrupted consolidation process

Question 24

Consolidation failure explanation

Answer 24

disruption in original acquisition of memory

info could never be recovered

Question 25

retrieval failure hypothesis

Answer 25

disruption makes new memories more difficult to recover (retrieval phase)
amnesia can be reversed w/ proper procedure to reactivate memory

Question 26

Briggs and Riccio (2007) Retrieval failure hypothesis?

Answer 26

memory for extinction may have been encoded in context of low body temp
- if so: memory of extinction can be reactivated if rats are cooled again!

Results:

• returning subjects to the state they experiences just after extinction = in activation of memory of extinction
• hypothermia cues incorporated into memory, extinction performance was only evident when cues available during test
• consolidation not disrupted

Question 27

Retention and rehearsal!

Answer 27

after acquisition!

• potential issue is rehearsal
  
  • animals keep info “active” in working memory through some form of “rehearsal”

Question 28

rehearsal

Answer 28

animals keep info “active” in working memory through some form of “rehearsal”

Question 29

Reconsolidation

Answer 29

contrary to previous views of memory, currently see memory as active vs. inactive (not ST vs. LT)
- when memory is in a “working state” it is labile