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Psychology 381 > Chapter 10: Aversive control > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Aversive control Flashcards

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1
Q

Positive punishment

A

behaviour decreases due to the presentation of consequences

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2
Q

negative punishment

A

behaviour decreases due to removal of consequences

  • time out
  • response cost
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3
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • behaviour increases due to the removal of consequences (escape or avoid punisher)
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4
Q

punishment is not equal to _______

A

retribution

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5
Q

behavioural punishment should not be _____

A

vindictive

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6
Q

time out

A

removal of reinforcers or availability of reinforcers

  • short usually better
  • negative punishment
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7
Q

point loss experiment

A

lever press responding of college students reinforced on a variable interval schedule w/ points that could be exchanged for money

during baseline phase, only S^D was presented (discriminative stimulus)

During next phase, S^D present in alternation with a punishment stimulus (S^Dp), during which the VI schedule remained in effect but each response was also punished by point loss

decrease in responding during SDp

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8
Q

key features of aversive stimuli

A

most research done with shock

  • easy to control amount
  • simple setup
  • consistently aversive w/o damage
  • uncomfortable (usually not very painful)
  • only used when necessary
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9
Q

punisher intensity

A

stronger punisher will produce greater decreases in behaviour

  • ceiling effect
  • importance of appropriate level
  • punisher should STOP behaviour when it occurs
  • do not start low and “ramp up”
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10
Q

Contingent vs. independent aversive stimulation

A

Aversive stimulation contingent on an instrumental response is more effective in suppressing that response than delivering aversive stimulation independent of behaviour

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11
Q

delayed punishment

A

small delays lead to huge decreases in punishment value

  • contingency
  • contiguity
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12
Q

reinforcement considerations

A

most behaviours occur bc they are reinforced or reinforcing

  • generally need to remove reinforcer
  • avoid aversives that are actually reinforcing
  • allow for alternative behaviour to produce reinforcement
  • reduce motivation for bad reinforcement
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13
Q

punishment is most effective when an _______ response is available

A

alternative

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14
Q

sensitivity to the reinforcer: cocaine addicted rats

A
  • cocaine addicted rats sought cocaine despite punishment

- not true for sucrose

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15
Q

thorndike and the negative law of effect

A

just as reinforcement strengthens behaviour, punishment weakens behaviour

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16
Q

Conditioned emotional responses: theory of punishment (Estes)

A
  • punishment suppresses behaviour
  • stimuli/behaviours just before punishment = CSs
  • these stimuli elicit freezing
  • explains many (not all) punishment effects
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17
Q

Avoidance of punishment (Dinsmoor)

A
  • punishment as a form of avoidance behaviour
  • stimuli that accompany the punished response bc aversive
  • animals avoid these stimuli by doing something besides the punished behaviour
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18
Q

Premark principle of punishment

A
  • with total freedom, diff behaviours have diff probabilities of occurring
  • premack principle:
    H = high prob. response, L = low prob. response
  • if L allows H, reinforces L
    If H forces L, punishes H
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19
Q

Punishment in real life

A 
Ethical issues
parenting
often used incorrectly
later problems
used to prevent serious harm
20
Q

avoidance vs. classical conditioning

study

A

a CR that allows an animal to escape from a punisher will be stronger than a common CR

avoidance group could avoid US by running but the Classical group could not!

21
Q

escape

A

terminate aversive by performing response; learned 1st

22
Q

avoidance

A

prevent aversive by performing response; learned second

23
Q

Apparatus and procedure

A

A shuttle box, box has metal grab floor and is separated into 2 compartmets by an archway. Instrumental response consists of crossing back and forth from one side tot he other

Avoidance trial: if the subject makes the response required for avoidance during the CS but before the US is scheduled, the CS is turned off, and the US is committed during that trial

Escape trial: if the subject fails to make the required reposed during the CS-US interval, the scheduled shock is presented and remains on until the response occurs, whereupon both the CS and US are terminated

24
Q

2 process theory of avoidance

A

2 mechanisms:

  1. classical
  2. instrumental
25
Q

agoraphobia

A 
overgeneralized CS (open spaces, crowds)
Avoidance [NR] (stay inside)
26
Q

OCD

A

Obsession [CS] (doors unlocked)

Compulsion [NR] (repeated locking)

27
Q

two process they and OCD

A

obsessions not usually directly conditioned

  • stress -> sensitization to threat
  • common intrusive thoughts obsessed over
28
Q

difficulties with two process theory

A

Fear-avoidance can be difficult to extinguish
- avoidance happens very quickly, little opportunity to extinguish

CR may no longer be present (no fear)

29
Q

Extinction of avoidance behaviour

A
  • very important in behaviour therapy

- flooding

30
Q

flooding

A

extinction and résponse prevention

  • preventing the avoidance response is key to successful extinction
  • duration of exposure to CS (w/o the US) determines the # of trials to extinction
31
Q

Free operant avoidance

A

unsignalled shocks are avoided by making responses w/n a set period from the previous response/shock
aka non discriminated avoidance

32
Q

Theoretical accounts of avoidance behaviour

A
  1. positive reinforcement through conditioned safety signals
  2. reinforcement through reduction of shock frequency (one-process)
  3. species-specific defines reactions
  4. predatory imminence: defensive and recuperative behaviour
33
Q

predatory imminence:

A

the perceived likelihood of being attacked by a predator

diff species-typical defence responses occur w/n diff degrees of predatory imminence

34
Q

predatory imminence continuum

A

Status of predator - statues of prey

  1. predator cannot appear - non aversively motivated behaviour and recuperative behaviour due to previous attack
  2. predator could appear - reencounter defensive behaviour (e.g. modification of foraging patterns)
  3. predator detected - post encounter defensive behaviour (e.g. freezing)
  4. predator makes contact - strike -defensive behaviour (lean-jump, adenosine aggression)
35
Q

Non-contingent punishment

A

very bad

  • leaned helplessness - inescapable punishment
  • experiemental neurosis - unpredicatable punishment
36
Q

learned helplessness

Seligman and Maier (1967)

A

Dogs exposed to predictable but inescapable shock do not try to escape when later allowed to

model for depression

math anxiety

37
Q

theories of helplessness: learned helplessness hypothesis

A

lack of perceived control leads to lack of motivation and contingency of future reinforcement

38
Q

theories of helplessness: activity deficit

A

freezing leads to lack of response

39
Q

theories of helplessness: attention deficit

A

reduces animal’s attention to own behaviour

40
Q

theories of helplessness: stimulus relations

A

escapable shock is okay bc of safety signals

41
Q

alleviating helplessness

A

“force” subject to escape or introduce post-shock signal

42
Q

experimental neurosis

A

animals exposed to unpredictable (unsignalled) punishers develop neurotic-like symptoms

unpredictable punishers are stressful (hyper vigilance)

model for PTSD

43
Q

Exposure therapy for PTSD

A

graded exposure to trauma stimuli in controlled environment (systematic desensitization)

44
Q

Alternatives to punishment

A 
response prevention
extinction
DRO
DRI (incompatible)
DLR
45
Q

Problems with punishment

A
  • does not identify alternative behevaiour
  • discriminative stimuli for punishement bc stimuli for avoidance
  • punishsment elicits emotional response
  • modeling and imitation
  • reinforcing value of the punishment
  • internalizing
  • psychological harm from non contingence
  • habituation
46
Q

benefits of punishment

A

“appeasement” behaviours - increase in sociality

modifies attention

distraction form motivator, improves mood

usually very rapid

47
Q

effective punishment

A
  • not delayed
  • consistent contingency and intensitty
  • negative punishment is preferable
  • intense enough to stop behaviour
  • explain punishment
  • provide DRO reinforcement
  • never punish out of frustration or anger
  • provide safety signals/warnings
  • use when necessary, avoid reliance

Psychology 381 (14 decks)

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