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Biology IGCSE > Chapter 11 - Gas Exchange in Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Gas Exchange in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do all cells in the body need energy? (7)

A
  • contracting muscles
  • making protein molecules
  • cell division
  • active transport
  • growth
  • transmitting nerve impulse
  • producing heat inside body
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2
Q

What do cells need to do in order to use glucose absorbed through digestion?

A

cells need to break down glucose molecules usually by combining it with oxygen

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3
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria, which uses oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to release energy for the cell to use

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4
Q

What is the equation for transpiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

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5
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

chemical reactions in cells that break down glucose to release energy without using oxygen

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6
Q

Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration

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7
Q

Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration happen?

A

in the mitochondria

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9
Q

How does yeast respire often?

A

anaerobically (important example)
in test say: anaerobic respiration in yeast

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10
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose → lactic acid

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11
Q

Can plants respire anaerobically?

A

yes, but only for short periods of time

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12
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₃OH + 2CO₂

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13
Q

When does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

when intense exercise is done and the heart and lungs cannot supply oxygen to muscles cells fast enough

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14
Q

Why will anaerobic respiration take place?

A

to keep cells going until oxygen is available again

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15
Q

What happens when someone stops running?

A

there is a lot of lactic acid in their muscles

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16
Q

How is lactic acid then broken down?

A

by the liver, which combines it with oxygen

17
Q

After running, do breathing and heart rates go down immediately?

A

no

18
Q

How does fast heart rate help lactic acid break down quicker?

A

by transporting the lactic acid to the liver quicker

19
Q

Define oxygen debt

A

extra oxygen that is needed after anaerobic respiration has taken place, to break down the lactic acid produced

20
Q

How does oxygen get into the body?

A

by diffusion

21
Q

Where do animals and plants get their oxygen from?

A

terrestrial and aquatic (air and oxygen dissolved in water)

22
Q

Which 2 gases diffuse in and out of the body?

A

O₂ diffuses in and CO₂. diffuses out

23
Q

Gas surfaces must be… (5)

A
  • permeable
  • thin
  • close to an efficient transport system
  • large surface area
  • good supply of O₂
24
Q

Why do gas surfaces have to be permeable?

A

so that O₂ and CO₂ can move easily

25
Q

Why do gas surfaces have to be thin and have a large surface area?

A

gases diffuse quickly

26
Q

What are the 4 steps of air getting into our lungs?

A

1) air enters body through nose and mouth
2) air passes through trachea
3) air enters thorax
4) air enters alveoli

27
Q

Define alveoli

A

tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

28
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the alveoli?

A
  • walls are one cell thick
  • tiny capillaries wrap around each alveolus
  • O₂ diffuses across alveoli walls into blood
29
Q

Alveolus have a good supply of oxygen thanks to…

A

ventilation

30
Q

Define

A
31
Q

This is a diagram of…

A

an alveolus

32
Q

Fill in the table

A
33
Q

Which 2 muscles help us breathe?

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

34
Q

How do intercostal muscles help us breathe?

A

contract and relax to raise and lower rib cage (internal and external)

35
Q

How does the diaphragm help us breathe?

A

separates the chest cavity from abdominal cavity (controls ventilation)

36
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles located?

A

between ribs

37
Q

Fill in the table

A
38
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of coughing?

A
  • expire extra hard
  • abdominals contract to help squeeze extra air out if thorax

Biology IGCSE (12 decks)

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