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Biology IGCSE > Chapter 10 - Disease and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Disease and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

Name 3 examples of disease that viruses cause

A
  • influenza
  • common cold
  • poliomyelitis
  • measles
  • AIDS / HIV
  • covid - 19
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3
Q

Name 3 examples of disease that bacteria cause

A
  • cholera
  • syphilis
  • whooping cough
  • tuberculosis
  • tetanus
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4
Q

Name 1 example of a disease that protoctists cause

A
  • malaria
  • amoebic dysentery
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5
Q

Name 1 example of a disease that fungi cause

A
  • athlete’s foot
  • ringworm
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6
Q

Define host

A

the organism that the pathogen lives in and reproduces within

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7
Q

Define infection

A

the entry of a pathogen into the body

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8
Q

Where can infections enter?

A
  • air
  • cuts
  • water
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9
Q

Define tranmission

A

the movement of a pathogen from on host to another

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10
Q

Define transmissible disease

A

diseases caused by pathogens that can be passed from one host to another

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11
Q

In what 2 ways do pathogens damage our cells when inside the body?

A
  • using up resources
  • producing toxins which cause symptoms
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12
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of toxins caused by pathogens?

A
  • waste products
  • some can be highly poisonous
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13
Q

What are the 2 ways in which diseases can be transferred?

A

direct and indirect contact

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14
Q

Name an example of direct transfer of a disease

A

pass through blood

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15
Q

Name 3 examples of indirect transfer of a disease

A
  • breathing in droplets (coughing, sneezing)
  • touching a surface an infected person touched (e.g. food poisoning)
  • eating or drinking from the same source if an infected person
  • contact with animals carrying pathogens
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16
Q

What happens in the skin is broken?

A

a blood clot forms to seal wound and prevent pathogens from getting in

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17
Q

How does the stomach kill bacteria in food?

A

using HCl

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18
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

nose hairs which filter air

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19
Q

What happens when we smell or taste something bad?

A

our body doesn’t want it

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20
Q

What does the mucus in airways do to prevent pathogens from entering?

A

traps bacteria and swallows it instead of going to lungs

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21
Q

In what ways can we ensure safe and clean water?

A

filter water and treated with chlorine

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22
Q

Can water contain pathogens?

A

yes

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23
Q

We use what we know about bacteria to ensure they stay away from food and drinks. What do we do to ensure this? (4)

A
  • keep microbes away
  • keep animals away
  • keep food at low or high temperatures
  • keep raw meat away
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24
Q

What can happen if oil on skin builds up?

A

it can collect dirt and microbes

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25
Q

What substances that can accumulate on the skin can be breeding ground for bacteria?

A
  • sweat
  • dirt
  • oil
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26
Q

How can we prevent teeth decay and keep microbes away from mouth?

A

brush teeth

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27
Q

Do animals search for food in waste?

A

yes

28
Q

Why should waste be collected regularly?

A
  • avoid infection
  • avoid pollution
29
Q

What can trash be rotted by?

A

decomposers

30
Q

What gas do bacteria produce?

A

methane gas that is highly flammable

31
Q

Sewage =

A

waste liquid

32
Q

Name 3 examples of where sewage comes from

A
  • bathrooms
  • kitchens
  • factories
33
Q

Name 3 examples of substances that can be in sewage

A
  • urine
  • oils
  • toilet paper
  • detergents
34
Q

How is cholera spread?

A

through water / food that has been contaminated by the faeces of an infected person

35
Q

Name a place where cholera can spread quickly

A

refugee camps

36
Q

Explain how cholera infects the body

A
  1. cholera bacteria are ingested and multiplied
  2. bacteria attach to alimentary canal walls
  3. bacteria release toxins
  4. toxins cause Cl⁻ ions to be released
  5. this causes water to move into lumen by osmosis
  6. now there is a lot of water in the canal. blood contains too little Cl⁻ ions and water
37
Q

How can cholera be fatal?

A

dehydration

38
Q

How can a person recover from cholera?

A

if enough fluid is replaced

39
Q
A
40
Q

Define antibodies

A

molecules secreted by white blood cells (lymphocytes only) which bind to pathogens and destroy them

41
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins that have a specific shape which is complementary to an antigen

42
Q

Define antigen

A

a chemical that is recognised by the body as being ‘foreign’ and stimulates the production of antibodies

43
Q

Where are antigens usually located on a pathogen?

A

on the outside

44
Q

How are antibodies shaped?

A

specifically to fit the shape of the specific antigen

45
Q

How do antibodies eliminate pathogens?

A

by attaching to the antigens, forming clumps and ‘feeing’ those clumps to a lymphocyte.

46
Q

Define immune response

A

the reaction of the body to the presence of an antigen

47
Q

Define memory cells

A

long-lived cells produced by the division of lymphocytes that have contacted an antigen. they respond quickly to future contact with the same antigen

48
Q

This is how antibodies react when exposed to contaminated food. What does the graph look like after eating the same contaminated food again?

A
49
Q

For how long do memory cells stay in the blood after an immune response?

A

a long time

50
Q

Define vaccination

A

a harmless preparation of dead or inactivated pathogens that is injected into the body to start the immune response

51
Q

What 3 substances can vaccines be made of?

A
  • dead cells from disease
  • pieces of cells from disease
  • cells made from a similar disease
52
Q

★ What are vaccines never made of and why?

A

never from inside of cells because antigens is what stimulates immune system

53
Q

Why do some diseases require 2 vaccinations?

A

for long lasting immunes

54
Q

What are the 2 vaccines called and what is their purpose?

A

First dose: partial protection - stimulates production of some memory cells

Second dose: “booster” - stimulates production of even more memory cells

55
Q

How can someone have active immunity?

A

if their body made its own antibodies and memory cells

56
Q

How is active immunity developed?

A
  • having disease and recovering
  • being vaccinated
57
Q

Can active immunity last a lifetime?

A

yes

58
Q

How can someone have passive immunity?

A

if they have been given ready-made antibodies

59
Q

How can passive immunity be developed?

A
  • injection
  • babies get this through breast feeding
60
Q

What does a human have to do if they get bitten by an animal with rabies?

A

have to get an injection or else it could be fatal within 48 hours

61
Q

When can the milk passed from mother to child help?

A

during the first few months of life

62
Q

Why does passive immunity last for a short amount of time?

A

because it is broken down (no memory cells are created)

63
Q

What can polio do to children?

A

leave them partially paralyzed

64
Q

How can polio be spread?

A

through water

65
Q

Why is herd vaccinating useful?

A
  • vaccinating children does not only protect the chldren vaccinated but also those around them
  • there are fewer places for the pathogen to replicate

Biology IGCSE (11 decks)

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