Chapter 11 Delivery Of Emergecy Services I Flashcards
Fire can exceed 500°F within _______.
3-5 minutes
The potential for flashover occurs within ________.
5 minutes
Human Survivability limit is ________°F.
212
___________ is a system that optimizes the utilization of all available resources, personnel, procedures, and equipment in order to promote safety and improve operational efficiency.
Crew Resource Management
________ are critical to success at any operations.
Communication
_________ is the necessity of maintaining a level of attentiveness at any event.
Situational awareness
___________ during an emergency relies on the use of risk/benefit analysis.
Decision making
__________ are any factors that interfere with communications, situational awareness, decision-making, and teamwork.
Barriers
What are the 11 Rules of Engagement for Firefighter Survival?
1 size up
2 determine occupancy survival profile
3 Do not risk your life for live/property that cannot be saved
4 Limited risk to protect savable property
5 Vigilant and measured risk to protect and rescue savable life
6 Go in together, stay together, come out together
- Continuous awareness of your air supply, situation, location and fire conditions
8 Constantly monitor fire ground communications
9 Report unsafe practices or conditions
10 Abandon your position and retreat before deteriorating conditions can harm you
11 Declare a mayday as soon as you THINK you are in danger
_________ requires emergency responders to gain control of the scene as quickly as possible and maintain that control throughout the incident.
Incident Scene Management
________ is the basis for safe and efficient incident scene management
NIMS-ICS
Essential to all emergency incident scene management is the management of these (4) emergency response resources:
Apparatus
Personnel
Equipment
Materials
Company officers must use ________ on all incidents no matter how small or large they are.
NIMS-ICS
The act of directing, ordering, and/or controlling resources by virtue of explicit legal, agency, or delegated authority.
Command
Incident management personnel who report directly to the IC.
Command Staff
Incident management personnel who represent the major functional sections.
General Staff
The organizational level having responsibility for a major functional area of incident management.
Section
The organizational level having functional/geographical responsibility for major segments of incident operations.
Branch
The organizational level having responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area.
Division
The organizational level, equal to division, having responsibility for a specific functional assignment at an incident without regard for a specific geographical area.
Group
The organizational level within the sections that fulfill specific support functions.
Unit
The specific number of personnel assembled for an assignment.
Crew
Individual pieces of apparatus and the personal required to make them functional.
Single Resource
Any combination of resources assembled for a specific mission or operational assignment.
Task Force
A set number of resources of the same kind and type that have an established minimum number of personnel.
Strike Team
A ____________ is necessary when an incident involves more than one jurisdiction or agency.
Unified command structure
In the unified command structure, representatives of all affected agencies or jurisdiction share the __________ & ___________.
Command responsibilities
Decisions
NFPA 1021 requires the Fire Officer I to be able to develop an _______
Initial action plan
____________ will determine the transfer of command process.
Organizational policies
A __________ Will be required for long durations events.
Formal written IAP
The __________ is the number of direct subordinates that one supervisor can effectively manage.
Span of control
The span of control ranges from ________.
3-7
Optimum number of the supervisor span of control is ______.
5
Variables such as proximity, similarity of function, and subordinate capability affect the __________.
Span of control
The span of control can be higher in the following 3 situations.
Subordinates are within sight of the supervisor and able to communicate with each other
Subordinates are performing the same or similar functions
Subordinates are skilled in performing the assigned task
What are the 3 Incident Size-Up considerations in order of priority?
Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation
________ is the on-going process of evaluating an emergency situation.
Size-up
Size-up begins when _______.
The alarm sounds
Upon arrival, the first arriving Company Officer as the initial IC will normally perform these 5 tasks.
Establish command
Perform a 360° check as part of the size-up
Determine offense of/defensive mode
Assign tasks
Begin completing the organizations tactical worksheet
The Company Officer should be able to determine whether additional resources are needed by __________.
The time the current resources are operational
The amount of time to request and obtain additional resources.
Lead/reflex time
5 considerations needed for analyzing an emergency situation.
Facts
Probabilities
Own situation
Decisions
Plan of operation
Things that are true/what the officer knows and is actually observing.
Facts
Things that are not known for certain, but based on the known facts, and are likely to happen.
Probabilities
The first arriving officers __________ is one set of facts that is known about the overall incident situation.
Own situation
_______ is controlling the environment in which responders must work and bystanders or victims may find them selves. It is essential to ensuring the life safety responders, victims, and bystanders. It also begins with the first-arriving company officer establishing command.
Scene control
Establishing _________ is the most common and effective way to control the perimeter of an incident scene.
3 operational zones
Hot, warm, and cold
Operational zone boundaries should be established by considering (4):
Amount of area needed by emergency personnel to work
Degree of Hazard present
Wind and weather conditions
General typography of the area
The area where resolving the problem takes place. Only personnel directly involved are allowed.
Hot Zone
The area for personnel who are directly supporting the work. Personnel are in full PPE and ready to enter the hot zone. In hazmat incidents, this zone is where the decontamination station is normally assembled.
Warm Zone
This zone may include the incident command post, RIC, PIO, rehabilitation area, and staging area. This is the control line for the general public
Cold Zone
Company officers need to communicate effectively with law-enforcement about _________ needs.
Traffic safety
These people are involved in an incident and should be assessed by emergency medical personnel before being released from the scene.
Incident victims
These people need to be restricted from getting too close to an emergency scene.
Spectators
These people should be treated with sensitivity an understanding. They should gently but firmly restrain from getting too close to the emergency scene. They are held within the cold zone.
Friends/Relatives of Victims
These emergency responders see beyond the obvious physical effects of an incident on victims and witnesses and are aware and sensitive to their mental and emotional conditions.
On-scene occupant services
By understanding fire behavior, company officers can predict how it will develop and spread and can determine the correct strategy and tactics to apply in order to: (3)
Control
Confine
And eliminate it
__________ may range in size from as small as a utility closet to one that consists of the entire interior of the structure without interior walls or partitions, such as a warehouse or retail store.
Compartments
Fire spreads by the available: (3)
Fuel
Oxygen
Structural configuration
________ results from heat transferring from burning object to other objects of lower temperatures.
Fire spread
Physical flow or transfer of heat from one body to another, through direct contact.
Conduction
The transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases
Convection
The transmission or transfer of heat energy from one body to another body by waves.
Radiation
The thermal or chemical decomposition of fuel because of heat.
Pyrolysis
The greater the temperature difference between objects, the more _______ the transfer rate.
Rapid
The spread of fire is controlled by its _______
Environment
When sufficient oxygen is available, fire development is controlled by the fuel’s characteristics and configuration. This is known as ______
Fuel controlled
As a fire develops within a compartment, it reaches a point where further development is limited by the available oxygen supply. This is known as ________.
Ventilation controlled
Any action taken to ________ will cause rapid increase in the amount of oxygen and lead to rapid fire development.
Create openings
The tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature.
Thermal layering
heat stratification
Higher pressure in the hot thermal layer causes the gases to _________
Push down and out
________ & ________ will dictate how fast the layer will move and spread out from the compartment of origin.
Temperature
Rate of heat transfer
The interface of the hot and cooler gas layers at the opening is commonly referred to as the_______.
Neutral plane
10 indicators of rapid fire development
- Smoke rapidly exiting doors, windows, or other openings
- Doors forced open into the structure as fresh air is rapidly drawn in
- Smoke under pressure pulsing out of windows
- Heavily smoke stain or cracked window glass
- Rapid lowering of the neutral plane
- Rapid raising and lowering of the smoke layer
- Rapid change in smoke color to black
- Rapid change in temperature within the compartment
- Yellow or orange flames at the ceiling moving away from the main body of fire
- Smoke being sucked back into the structure
______ occurs when all exposed combustible surfaces and objects within a compartment have been heated to their ignition temperature and ignite almost simultaneously.
Flashover
2 factors that determine whether a compartment fire will progress to flashover.
- The fuel must generate enough heat energy
2. The fire must have sufficient oxygen (ventilation)
Changes in _______ can alter the flow path and create rapid fire development, placing firefighters in extreme danger
Ventilation
Most fires that grow beyond the incipient stage become _______.
Ventilation controlled
A condition in which the unburnt fire gases that have accumulated at the top of the compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas layers or across the ceiling.
Rollover
Rollover is a significant indicator for impending _______.
Flashover
The instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space.
Backdraft
Backdraft occurs in the ______ stage.
Decay
Company officers must observe what the smoke is doing during prior to backdraft. (3)
Air current changing direction
Neutral plane lifting
Smoke rushing out
This occurs when unburned fuel gases come in contact with an ignition source.
Smoke explosion
The key difference between a smoke explosion and backdraft is that with the back raft, the mixture of smoke and air is extremely _______.
Fuel rich
7 factors that affect fire development
Fuel type
Availability and location of additional fuel
Compartment volume and ceiling height
Ventilation
Thermal properties of the compartment
Ambient conditions
Fuel load
Class ___ or ______ type fuels are the most common.
A
Cellulose
Class B fuels consist of:
Flammable/combustible liquids and gases
Class C fuels include:
Energized electrical wiring, equipment, and appliances
Class D fuels:
Combustible metals
Class K fuels:
Deep fat fryers
Modern homes and businesses are largely filled with contents made from ________ materials.
Petroleum-based
The structures _______ are often the most readily available fuel source.
Contents
This thermal property contains heat within the compartment, causing localized increase in the temperature and fire growth.
Insulation
This thermal property increases fire spread through the transfer of radiant heat from wall surfaces to adjacent fuel sources.
Heat reflectivity
This thermal property slowly absorbs and releases large amounts of heat to maintain temperatures.
Retention
Ambient conditions, such as high humidity and cold temperatures, can ______ the natural movement of smoke.
Slow
Forcible entry is a form of _______
Ventilation
The organization should impress upon its personnel a ________ philosophy.
Risk-management
Activities that presents a significant risk to the safety of members shall be limited to situations where there is a potential to save _______.
Endangered lives
No risk to the safety of members shall be acceptable where there is no possibility to save ______ or _______.
Lives
Property
What does RECEO-VS stand for?
Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage
NFPA 1500
2 in/2 out
______ takes precedence over any and all other considerations.
Life safety
You perform this function to mitigate a fire.
Extinguishment
You perform this function to make an incident scene secure from rekindle or other hazards associated with the incident.
Overhaul
_________ is the operation needed to replace a contaminated or heated atmosphere with uncontaminated air.
Ventilation
Proper ventilation can help firefighters in 4 ways.
Reduce the possibility of backdraft or flashover conditions
Improve rescue operations by reducing hot gases and poisonous smoke
Improve visibility for responders
Reduce property damage
The ventilation process_______-it can be used when needed. It must also be coordinated with the initial fire attack.
Floats
The buildings _______ can be used to remove a contaminated or heated atmosphere.
HVAC system
This is the method and operating procedure used to save property and reduce further damage from water, smoke, heat, and exposure during or immediately after a fire. It can be applied at any time.
Salvage
This application begins before an incident is reported and continues throughout the incident.
Size-up
The first arriving company officer must transmit a _____ or ______ by radio.
Condition
Arrival report
___________ are the overall desired outcomes. They are the overall plans for controlling an incident
Strategic goals
_________ are the activities used to reach the strategic goals. They are specific statements of measurable outcomes.
Tactical objectives
As goals and objectives are met, and situations change, so do the _________.
Priorities
The establishment of a ________ should be a top priority if a chief officer, member, or unit without tactical capabilities initiates command.
Command post
This command option may not have visible indicators of a significant event. While first arriving companies perform this command option, other responding companies remain staged.
Investigation option
This command option need immediate action to stabilize the incident. Using a portable radio will permit the company officer to be involved without neglecting command responsibilities. It does not last more than a few minutes.
Fast-attack option
This command option involves large, complex, or rapidly evolving incidents. A tactical worksheet should be initiated.
Command post option
If the company officer elects a command post option, what 3 things can you do with the remaining crew members?
Place the company into action with the remaining members; one crewmember serves as the acting company officer
Assign the crew members to work under the supervision of another company officer
Assign crewmembers to perform staff functions to assist command
Incident commander must assess the current _______ and determine whether the potential benefits are worth having firefighters take unnecessary risk.
Conditions
Failure to do a ___________ is the ultimate example of not being responsible for the safety of their personnel.
Risk/benefit evaluation
It’s operational mode states that an aggressive interior attack is worth the risk and that sufficient resources are available to meet the incident demands.
Offensive mode
This operational mode states the risk versus gain to firefighters is too significant to make an interior fire attack.
Defensive mode
The incident commander needs to maintain ________ of personnel during a defensive mode.
Accountability
A post incident analysis can be used for what 3?reasons?
Reinforced proper response activities
Correct improper activities
Improve future performance
______ should not be moved or handled unless it is absolutely necessary in order to preserve it and then it must be documented appropriately.
Evidence
The ________ must be a continuation of the initial emergency response.
Investigation
The ______ actions performed are the greatest threats to the recovery of evidence.
Overhaul
________ focuses on the activities of the responders without placing blame or finding fault. It is considered a training activity. It is intended to determine whether an emergency incident was conducted in the safest and most efficient manner.
Post incident analysis/critique
When creating a post incident analysis, safety issues are the responsibility of the_______
ISO
______ is a meeting that generally involves all participating units/agencies.
Critique
The use of ___________ can be paramount to saving the lives of firefighters.
Occupant Survivability Profiling
Form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation.
Heat
Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat (ignition) energy to start the combustion reaction.
Piloted ignition
Minimum temperature to which a fuel (other than a liquid) in the air must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion; no external ignition source is required.
Autoignition temperature
Common, prevailing, and uncontrolled atmosphere weather conditions. The term may refer to the conditions inside or outside of the structure.
Ambient conditions
To function effectively in support of emergency services delivery, company officers must be highly trained and knowledgeable in?
Fire behavior and how it relates to incident decision making
Incident scene management
Incident scene operations
Postincident activities
Stage of a fire at which all surfaces and objects within a space have been heated to their ignition temperature and flame breaks out almost at once over the surface of all objects in the space
Flashover
What questions are asked during occupant survivability profiling?
Are occupants suspected of being or known to be trapped
Is it reasonable to assume that the occupants are still alive
What is the temp of a structure fire around the 3 to 4 minute range?
above 500F
Potiential for flashover can occur within?
5 minutes
Flashover is typically what degrees?
1110F
This establishes the overall strategic decisions and assigned tactical objectives for an incident
IAP
The number of direct subordinates that one supervisor can effectively manage
Span of control
What are the things Layman described for analyzing any emergency situation
Facts Probabilities Own situation Decision Plan of operation
Amount of time to request and obtain additional resources
The lead reflex time
Things that are not known for certain, but based on the known facts are likely to happen
Probabilities
Questions that must be answered regarding the probabiliites of a fire emergency situation
In which direction is the fire likely to spread
Are exposures likely to become involved
Are explosions likely and is a secondary explosion likely or collapse
Is an evacuation of people likely to be needed
Are additional resources likely to be needed, if so what types and how many
One set of facts that is known about the overall incident situation
First arriving officers own situation
Three segments of the initial decision
Whether resources at the scene and those en route are adequate for the situation
How to deploy the resources already at the scene in the most effective manner
What to do with the resources that arrive
Zone boundaries should be established by considering the:
Amount of area needed by emergency personnel to work
Degree of hazard presented by elements involved in the incident
Wind and weather conditions
General topography of the area
The 3 control zones can be described as?
Hot, warm, cold
A room or space within a building or structure that is enclosed on all sides, at the top and bottom.
Compartment
Form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation
Heat
Physical flow or transfer of heat energy, from one body to another through direct contact or an intervening medium, from point where the heat is produced to another location, or from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature.
Conduction
Transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases, usually in an upward direction
Convection
Transmission or transfer of heat energy from one body to another body at lower temperature through intervening space by electromagnetic waves, such as infrared thermal waves, radio waves, or xrays
Radiation
Tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature
Thermal layering of gases also called heat stratification
The interface of the hot and cooler gas layers at the opening is commonly referred to as?
Neutral plane
Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction
Piloted ignition
Minimum temperature to which a fuel other than a liquid in the air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion, no external ignition source is required
Autoignition temperature
Conditions in the room change from hot gases igniting and burning in the hot gas layer to the potential for flames filling the room floor to ceiling if sufficient oxygen is present to support the flaming combustion
Flashover
Thermal or chemical decomposition of fuel (matter) because of heat generally resulting in the lowered ignition temperature of the material
Pyrolysis
The pre ignition combustion phase of burning during which heat energy is absorbed by the fuel in turn giving off flammable tars, pitches, and gases
Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis process is also known as
Sublimation
What happens within the compartment during flashover
Fuel in the compartment produces combustible gases through pyrolysis
temperatures rapidly increase from floor to ceiling
additional fuel becomes involved
extremely low visibility in the compartment
What are the four elements of flashover
Transition in fire development
Rapidity
Compartment
Ignition of all exposed surfaces
Condition in which the unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas layer or across the ceiling
Rollover
Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space
Backdraft
The stalled combustion resumes with explosive force; may occur because of inadequate or improper ventilation procedures
Backdraft
In what stage does backdraft occur
Decay stage
How do you distinguish rollover from flashover
Rollover only involves the fire gases at the upper level of the compartment and not the other fuel packages within a compartment
Common prevailing and uncontrolled atomospheric weather conditions
Ambient conditions
This term may refer to the conditions inside or outside of the structure
Ambient conditions
What are the factors that can affect backdraft
Volume of smoke Degree of confinement Pressure Speed with which fuel and air are mixed Location where ignition occurs
This may occur before or after the decay stage. It occurs when unburned fuel gases come in contact with an ignition source
Smoke explosion
Why are smoke explosions so violent
Involve pre mixed fuel and oxygen
What is the key difference between smoke explosion and backdraft
Backdraft mixture of smoke and air is extremely fuel rich, greater than 10 percent total hydrocarbons
Thermal properties of a compartment include
Insulation
Heat reflectivity
Retention
What can cause smoke to appear white and give the incorrect impression of the interior conditioins
Cold temperatures
When do normal stages of fire development change
When fires become ventilation limited
What does the acronym RECEO-VS stand for
Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage
These areas must meet certain minimum structural requirements including means of communication and fire protection features that effectively isolate them from the rest of the building
Areas of rescue assistance
the term used to describe the need to prevent extension of incident effects to uninvolved areas
Confinment
The process includes methods and operating procedures used to save property and reduce further damage from water, smoke, heat, and exposure during or immediately after a fire
Salvage
What are the three specific time periods of size up
Preincident
Arrival
During the incident
The overall plans for controlling an incident
Strategic goals
Broad general statements of the final outcomes to be achieved
Strategic goals
example life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation
Specific statements of measurable outcomes
Tactical objectives
Common tactical objectives
Initiate search and rescue
Provide water curtain to protect exposures
Contain a hazardous materials spill
Use salvage covers to route water from the building second floor
What are two primary areas of analysis for the PIA
Application and effectiveness of the operational strategy and tactics and personnel safety
A meeting that generally involves all participating units and agencies, based on the pia with the goal to acknowledge any weaknesses and applaud strengths that were evident
Critique
