chapter 11 antiperspirant and deodorant

Question 1

application forms of antiperspirant and deodorant (7)

Answer 1

● stick
● roll on
● cream
● aerosol
● gel
● powder
● pump spray

Question 2

why does apocrine sweat have odour?

Answer 2

the components such as ammonium salts, steroids, cholesterol, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins feed bacteria hence are prone to odour that the bacteria produce

Question 3

antiperspirant vs deodorant (3)

Answer 3

● antiperspirant directly affects eccrine sweating and actively reduces amount of axillary perspiration, deodorant masks or reduces axillary odour
● antiperspirant is an OTC drug in the US, while deodorant is a cosmetic
● antiperspirant does not require registration or demonstration/proof of sweat reduction

Question 4

minimum standard for effectiveness for antiperspirant
● % sweat reduction
● in what % of test population
● test condition (either 2)

Answer 4

● 20% sweat reduction
● in 50% of test population
● under either test condition
1. hot room (~38degC, humidity 30-40%) for 20 min, or
2. ambient conditions for 3-5 hours

Question 5

principal active ingredients for antiperspirant

any FDA, ACD dosage limits ?

Answer 5

● aluminium chloride (FDA: up to 15% anhydrous)
● activated aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) (FDA: up to 25% anhydrous)
● activated aluminium zirconium chlorohydrate-glycine complex (AZG) (ACD/FDA: up to 20% anhydrous)

Question 6

what are film-forming antiperspirant polymers used for in antiperspirant?
eg. olefinic acid (amide), ester copolymers

Answer 6

● forms insoluble film on skin surface once dried

● for stick, roll on and alcohol based products

Question 7

working mechanism of antiperspirant (3)

Answer 7

1. soluble active ingredient diffuses into sweat duct
2. insoluble gelatinous protein gel Al(OH)3 forms when compound interacts with water in sweat
3. sweat duct is blocked

Question 8

labelling for antiperspirant MUST contain

Answer 8

WARNING
1. Do not apply on irritated or damaged skin
2. Stop if rash or irritation occurs
3. Ask a doctor before use if you have kidney disease
(If product is aerosolised) 4. When using this product, keep away from face and mouth to avoid breathing it

DIRECTIONS
Apply to underarms only

Question 9

requirement to claim 24-hour/all-day protection

Answer 9

20% sweat reduction over 24 hours

Question 10

requirement to claim “extra effective”

Answer 10

30% sweat reduction

Question 11

how many days can the protein gel formed by antiperspirant remain on skin for

Answer 11

7-14 DAYS

depending on hygiene, skin desquamation, activity, quality of product

Question 12

active ingredients in deodorant

Answer 12

1. antimicrobial agent - can be the actives in antiperspirant, or other antimicrobial agents
2. fragrance to mask malodours

Question 13

common reasons for not continuing usage of antiperspirant/deodorant (5)

Answer 13

● skin feel
● product appearance on skin
● product transfer to clothes (stain, discolouration)
● fragrance
● erythema/stinging (for AlCl3)