Chapter 11 Airway Management Flashcards
Agonal gasps
Occasional gasps that are ineffective attempts at breathing, occurring after the heart has stopped.
Alveolar minute volume
The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate
Alveolar ventilation
The volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of deadspace air from the tidal volume.
American standard system
A safety system for oxygen cylinders larger than size e, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas.
Anoxia
Absence of oxygen
Apnea
Absence of breathing; periods of not breathing.
Apneic oxygenation
A technique in which oxygen is administered via a high-flow nasal cannula is left in place during an intubation attempt, allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into the airways during all phases of the procedure.
Aspiration
The introduction of vomit or other foreign material into the lungs
Ataxic respirations
Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern.
Atelectasis
A condition of airless or collapsed alveoli that causes pulmonary shunting, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and possibly hypoxemia.
Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP
A form of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation that delivers two pressures. (Higher on ispiratory and lower on expiratory)
Bordon-gauge flowmeter
An oxygen flowmeter that is commonly used because it is not affected by gravity and can be placed in any position.
Bronchioles
Find subdivisions of the bronchi
Capnographer
A device that attaches between the endotracheal tube and ventilation device; provides graphic information about the presence of exhaled carbon dioxied
Capnometer
A device that performs the same function and attaches in the same way as a capnographer but provides digital reading of the exhaled co2.
Carina
Point at which the trachea bifurcates into left and right main stem bronchi
Cobra perilaryngeal airway (cobraPLA)
Supraglottic device with a shapt that allows the device to slide easily along the hard palate and hold the soft tissue away from the laryngeal inlet.
Colorimetric carbon dioxide detector
A device that attaches between the endotracheal tube and ventilation device. Changes color in presence of co2
Combitube
A dual-lumen airway device that is inserted blindly; permits ventilation of the patient whether the tube is placed in the esophagus or trachea.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A method of ventilation used primarily to treat critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation.
Denitrogenation
The process of placing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advaced airway management.
Dorsal respiratory group
A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
Endotracheal (ET) intubation
Insertion of an endotracheal tube directly through the larynx between the vocal cords and into the trachea to maintain and protect an airway.
end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitor
A detection device for monitoring the amount of carbon dioxide in exhaled air that can be used to adjust oxygen administration or ventilations.
Esophageal intubation
Improper placement of an advanced airway device into the esophagus.
Gum elastic bougie
Flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy; the endotracheal tube is threaded over the device, facilitating its entry into the trachea.
Hering-breuer reflex
Protective nervous system mechanism that terminates inhalation and prevents lung overexpansion
hypercapnia
Increased co2
Hypoxemia
Deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood
hypoxia
Decreased level of oxygen in the tissues and cells
Hypoxic drive
A backup system that controls respirations by sensing when the oxygen level in the blood falls.
I-gel
A supraglottic airway device that uses a noninflatable, gel-like mask to isolate the larynx and facilitate ventilation.
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood cells and tissues
Intrapulmonary shunting
Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart.
King LT airway
A single lumen airway that is blindly inserted into the esophagus; when properly placed in the esophagus one cuff seals the esophagus and the other seals the oropharynx.
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)
An airway device that is inserted into the mouth blindly and comes to rest at the glottic opening. A flexible cuff is inflated, creating an almost airtight seal.
Laryngectomy
Removal of the larynx
Laryngospasm
Spasmodic contraction of the vocal cords, accompanied by an enfolding of the arytenoid and aryepiglottic folds
Larynx
Complex structure formed by the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage; voicebox
Lung compliance
Ability of the alveoli to fully expand when air is drawn in during inhalation
Manually triggered ventilation (MTV) device
A fixed flow rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen powered, ventilation device
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs, in the center of the chest that contains the hear, trachea, large blood vessels, main stem bronchi, part of the esophagus, lymphatic channels, and paired vagus and phrenic neves.
Minute volume
Amount of air moved in and out of the respiratory tract (minus dead space) per minute; determined by tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate. Also called minute ventialtion.
Multilumen airway device
Device with a single long tube that can be used for esophageal obtration or endotracheal tube ventilation, depending on where it comes to rest.
Negative pressure ventilation
Drawing of air into the lungs; airflow from a region of higher pressure (outside of body) to a region of lower pressure (lungs); occurs during normal breathing
Orthopnea
Dyspnea experienced when lying down that is relieved by a change in position.
Oxygen saturation (Spo2)
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Paradoxical motion
Inward movement of chest during inhalation and outward during exhalation; occurs in a flail chest.
Parietal pleura
Membrane that lines the pleural (chest) cavity
Partial rebreathing mask
Like a nonrebreathing mask but without the one way valve
Phrenic nerve
Innervates the diaphragm
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural space.
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
Mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs.
Preload
Precontraction pressure in the heart, increases as the volume of blood builds up when returned to the heart; affects afterload.
Preoxygenation
Providing oxygen prior to an advanced airway technique.
Pulmonary edema
Buildup of fluid in the lungs as a result of left-sided heart failure.
Recovery position
Lying on left side; no injuries to spine hip of pelvis
Residual volume
Air that remains after maximal expiration.
Retractions
Skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration; occurs during respiratory distress
Stridor
Harsh high pitched breath sound, generally heard during inspirations. Caused by partial blockage/narrowing of upper airway
Surfactant
Protein substanace that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension and keeps the alveoli expanded, allowing for easy expansion and recoil of the alveoli; a low level in a premature baby contributes to respiratory distress syndrome.
Tidal volume
Amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
Tonsil-tip catheter
Semirigid for suctioning pharynx; yankauer tip.
Turbinates
Bony shelves from lateral nose wall to nasal passage; increase surface area of nasal mucosa, improving function.
Ventral respiratory group
Medulla oblongata responsible for modulating breathing during speech.
Vital capacity
Amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lung breathing as deeply as possible.
Wheezing
High pitched whistling on expiration; narrowing of lower airways.
