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CHEMSITRY > CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA

A

genetic instructions that inform the organism how to operate to survive

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2
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix

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3
Q

what are the monomers in DNA called

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

what does the order of the bases on DNA do

A

codes for an organisms genes

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5
Q

what is on each of the nucleotides

A

a base A,C,G,T

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6
Q

how Is DNA bonded together

A

two bases (one on each strand of the helix) pair up and form cross links to keep the two strands of nucleotides together

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7
Q

what is the process in which DNA is made

A

the condensation polymerisation of the nucleotides

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8
Q

equation for the formation of DNA

A

millions of nucleotides -> DNA + water

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9
Q

what are sugars made from

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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10
Q

how are carbonates formed?

A

sugars react together by polymerisation to form carbohydrates

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11
Q

what are plastics made from

A

polymers

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12
Q

how are polymers made

A

polymerisation

when long chains of monomers join together

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13
Q

what monomers are commonly found in plastics

A

alkenes

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14
Q

what is the smallest unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

ethene

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15
Q

ethene monomers

A

polythene

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16
Q

what polymer does propene make

A

polypropene

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17
Q

properties of polypropene 2

A

very strong and tough

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18
Q

uses of polypropene 3

A

carpets, milk crates, ropes

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19
Q

propene monomers ->

A

poly(propene )

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20
Q

what must be present for addition polymerisation

A

a double covalent bond

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21
Q

process of addition polymerisation

A

the double covalent bond in an alkene opens up
it is replaced by a single carbon-carbon bond between the atoms and another bond to the other side of the atom (to attach to another carbon atom )

22
Q

what conditions are needed for addition polymerisation 2

A

catalyst and high pressure

23
Q

what is important to remember about the number of atoms in an addition polymer

A

nothing else is formed so it contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the momomers that formed it

24
Q

what makes an alkene more reactive than an alkane

A

the double c=c bond in the alkene

25
Q

how many products will be formed in any addition reaction between alkenes

A

1

26
Q

2 examples of condensation polymers

A

nylon and polyester

27
Q

what are two common examples of the small molecules given off in a condensation reaction

A

water

hydrogen chloride

28
Q

the main difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

in addition you only get one product (the polymer)

in condensation you get a polymer + a small molecule

29
Q

what is important to remember about the monomers in addition polymerisation

A

they are often the same alkene

30
Q

what is important to remember about the monomers in condensation polymerisation

A

the monomers are often used
one monomer will have a certain type of functional group at each end of its molecule
the other will have a different type of functional group at each end of its molecule
but they must react together or
one monomer type with two different functional groups

31
Q

when nylon is produced what small molecule is released

A

hydrogen

chloride gas

32
Q

general equation to make polyester

A

a diol + a dicarboxylic acid -> a polyester + water

33
Q

what is a diol

A

an alcohol containing two -OH groups

34
Q

what is a dicarboxylic acid

A

a carboxylic acid containing two -COOH groups

35
Q

general way of presenting an diol

A

H0 - box -OH

36
Q

general way of presenting any dicarboxylic acid

A

HOOC - box -COOH

37
Q

3 naturally occurring polymers

A

starch, cellulose and protein

38
Q

what are carbohydrates made from

A

sugar

39
Q

general formula for carbohydrates

A

cX h20 Y

40
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

made of one sugar unit

41
Q

how are starch and cellulose formed

A

condensation

polymerisation of glucose and water is lost

42
Q

glucose monomers

A
  • > starch polymers + water

- > cellulose polymers + water

43
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

made of more than one sugar unit

44
Q

what will a variety of amino acids combine to produce

A

protein + water

45
Q

what two functional groups does an amino acid contain

A

amino group and a carboxylic acid group

46
Q

functional amino group

A

NH2

47
Q

what is the smallest Amino acid

A

glycine

48
Q

what polymers can amino acids form

A

polypeptides

49
Q

how are polypeptides formed

A

condensation

polymerisation

50
Q

why are polypeptides formed

A

the acidic carboxyl group and the basic amino group (an acid and a base react together )

51
Q

what is lost when a polypeptide is formed

A

water

52
Q

what are long chain polypeptides called

A

proteins

CHEMSITRY (13 decks)

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